The bin frequency table is the table that represent the frequency for a range of values in a particular variable, in R we generally store these variables in a vector or a column of an R data frame. If we want to create a bin frequency table then table function with cut and breaks function can be used.Example1Live Demo> x1 x1Output[1] 3 4 3 4 3 3 2 5 2 2 4 4 5 4 5 2 5 2 3 2 4 4 3 3 5 2 2 2 2 3 2 4 3 3 3 5 4 [38] 4 ... Read More

Generally, the histogram is a graph that is displayed in vertical form and it helps us to analyze the distribution of a variable, mainly to understand whether the distribution is normal or not. The horizontal histogram can be also created by using coord_flip function of ggplot2 package. Check out the below example to understand how it works.ExampleConsider the below data frame.Live Demo> x df head(df, 20)Outputx 1 3.509446 2 5.075813 3 5.242884 4 5.236765 5 5.775746 6 5.331167 7 5.250956 8 5.925262 9 6.102322 10 4.045241 11 4.117635 12 4.137581 13 4.758140 14 5.311225 15 4.354592 16 4.021351 17 5.330966 ... Read More

To write the text in a base R plot, firstly we should create a blank chart by using type="n" if we want to plot only text then the text should be introduced with the help of text function. Now, if we want to rotate the text value then srt argument can be used. For example, if we want to rotate the text to 45 degree then srt = -45 can be used.Example1Live Demo> plot(1:10, type="n") > text(x=5, y=5, "Text inside plot")OutputExample2Live Demo> plot(1:10, type="n") > text(x=5, y=5, "Text inside plot", srt=-20)OutputExample3Live Demo> plot(1:10, type="n") > text(x=5, y=5, "Text inside plot", ... Read More

In a plot created by using ggplot2, the axes values are generated with tick marks such as representing X-axis labels from 1 to 10 and Y-axis labels from 10 to 1 but we can get rid of this tick marks by using theme function. If we want to create a plot without ticks then we just need to add the following code to the plot code.theme(axis.ticks.x=element_blank(), axis.ticks.y=element_blank())ExampleConsider the below data frame.Live Demo> set.seed(321) > x y df dfOutputx y 1 1.0426226 6.238295 2 0.9821990 4.855467 3 0.9930504 6.334253 4 0.9970088 3.552478 5 0.9969010 3.976679 6 1.0067046 5.128251 7 1.0181710 1.853243 ... Read More

A data.table object is almost same as a data frame. To combine two columns of a data.table object, we can use paste0 function. For example, if we have a data frame defined as DT that contains two columns named as x and y then we can combine them using the below command.DT[, xy:=paste0(x, y)]ExampleLoading data.table package.> library(data.table)Consider the below data.table object.Example> x y dt1 dt1Outputx y 1: 1 a 2: 2 b 3: 3 c 4: 4 d 5: 5 e 6: 6 f 7: 7 g 8: 8 h 9: 9 i 10: 10 j 11: 11 k 12: ... Read More

To create an arrow R, we can use plot function and arrows function. We just need to understand all the coordinate values that should be passed inside the arrows function. For example, if we have two vectors that contains values from 1 to 10 then the arrow can be created by using arrows function as arrows(1,1,10,10).ExampleLive Demo> x y plot(x,y)OutputExample> arrows(1,1,10,10)Output

To check whether a column value is less than or greater than a certain value, we can use with function and the output will be a logical vector representing values with TRUE when the condition is satisfied and FALSE when the condition is not satisfied. For example, if we have a column say x of an R data frame df and we want to check whether any of the values in x is greater than 10 or not then it can be done by using with(df, df$x>10).ExampleConsider the below data frame:Live Demo> set.seed(1002) > x1 y1 z1 df1 df1Outputx1 y1 ... Read More

A data.table object is similar to a data frame object but there are few things that can be specifically applied to a data.table because data.table package functions was defined for a data.table object only. If we want to extract a data.table row as a vector then we can use as.vector function along with as.matrix so that the as.vector can read the row properly.Loading data.table package:> library(data.table)Consider the below vectors and create a data.table object:Example> x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 DT1 DT1Outputx1 x2 x3 x4 x5 1: B C C D E 2: B C D B E 3: B C ... Read More

A dendrogram display the hierarchical relationship between objects and it is created by using hierarchical clustering. In base R, we can use hclust function to create the clusters and the plot function can be used to create the dendrogram. For example, if we want to create the dendrogram for mtcars data then it can be done as shown below:> hc=hclust(dist(mtcars)) > plot(hc)Example1Live Demo> head(mtcars)Outputmpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0 1 4 4 Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0 1 4 ... Read More

To create a row sum and a row product column in an R data frame, we can use rowSums function and the star sign (*) for the product of column values inside the transform function. For example, if we have a data frame df that contains x, y, z then the column of row sums and row product can be created as:transform(df, RowSums=rowSums(df), RowProducts=x*y*z)ExampleConsider the below data frame:Live Demo> set.seed(3251) > x1 y1 z1 a1 b1 df1 df1Outputx1 y1 z1 a1 b1 1 2 4 10 10 5 2 0 9 5 5 8 3 4 7 6 12 9 ... Read More