selfThe word 'self' is used to represent the instance of a class. By using the "self" keyword we access the attributes and methods of the class in python.__init__ method"__init__" is a reseved method in python classes. It is called as a constructor in object oriented terminology. This method is called when an object is created from a class and it allows the class to initialize the attributes of the class.ExampleFind out the cost of a rectangular field with breadth(b=120), length(l=160). It costs x (2000) rupees per 1 square unitclass Rectangle:    def __init__(self, length, breadth, unit_cost=0):        self.length ... Read More

The instantiation or calling-a-class-object operation creates an empty object. Many classes like to create objects with instances with a specific initial state. Therefore a class may define a special method named __init__(), as follows −def __init__(self) −    self.data = [ ]When a class defines an __init__() method, class instantiation automatically invokes the newly-created class instance which is obtained by −x = MyClass()The __init__() method may have arguments. In such a case, arguments given to the class instantiation operator are passed on to __init__(). For example, >>> class Complex: ...     def __init__(self, realpart, imagpart): ...       ... Read More

In Python, classes are like blueprints for creating objects. Once you define a class, you can create objects (also called instances) based on that class. Here are four ways to create class objects in Python: Creating a Class and an Instance Example In this example, we define a class called `MyClass` using the `class` keyword. We then create an instance of the class called `obj` using parentheses `()` after the class name. This creates an empty object that is an instance of the class. class MyClass: pass obj = MyClass() print(obj) Output ... Read More

In this article, we will show how to sort a list of dictionaries by the values of the dictionary in Python. Sorting has always been a useful technique in everyday programming. Python's dictionary is often used in a wide range of applications, from competitive to developer-oriented (example-handling JSON data). It can be useful in certain situations to be able to filter dictionaries based on their values. Below are the 2 methods to accomplish this task − Using sorted() and itemgetter Using sorted() and lambda functions What is a Dictionary? Dictionaries are Python's version of an associative array data ... Read More

The slice operator in Python takes two operands. First operand is the beginning of slice. The index is counted from left by default. A negative operand starts counting from end. Second operand is the index of last character in slice. If omitted, slice goes upto end.We want last four characters. Hence we count beginning of position from end by -4 and if we omit second operand, it will go to end.>>> string = "Thanks. I am fine" >>> string[-4:] 'fine'

The following code using Python regex matches the given multiple words in the given stringExampleimport re s = "These are roses and lilies and orchids, but not marigolds or .." r = re.compile(r'\broses\b | \bmarigolds\b | \borchids\b', flags=re.I | re.X) print r.findall(s)OutputThis gives the output['roses', 'orchids', 'marigolds']

There's no validate method as almost anything is a valid URL. There are some punctuation rules for splitting it up. Without any punctuation, you still have a valid URL.Depending on the situation, we use following methods.If you trust the data, and just want to verify if the protocol is HTTP, then urlparse is perfect.If you want to make the URL is actually a true URL, use the cumbersome and maniacal regexIf you want to make sure it's a real web address, use the following codeExampleimport urllib try:     urllib.urlopen(url) except IOError:     print "Not a real URL"Read More

The io module is now recommended and is compatible with Python 3's open syntax: The following code is used to read and write to unicode(UTF-8) files in PythonExampleimport io with io.open(filename,'r',encoding='utf8') as f:     text = f.read() # process Unicode text with io.open(filename,'w',encoding='utf8') as f:     f.write(text)

The following code does the replacement in the given text file. After the replacement, the text is written to a new text file 'bar.txt'Examplef1 = open('foo.txt', 'r') f2 = open('bar.txt', 'w') for line in f1:     print line     f2.write(line.replace('Poetry', 'Prose')) f2 = open('bar.txt', 'r') for line in f2:    print line, f1.close() f2.close()OutputThis gives the outputPoetry is often considered the oldest form of literature. Poetry today is usually  written down, but is still sometimes performed. Prose is often considered the oldest form of literature. Prose today is usually written down, but is still sometimes performed.Read More

Concept of variable in Python is different from C/C++. In C/C++, variable is a named location in memory. Even if value of one is assigned to another, it creates a copy in another location.int x=5; int y=x;For example in C++, the & operator returns address of the declared variable.cout