The .NET Framework has a layered, extensible, and managed implementation of networking services. You can easily integrate them into your applications. Use the System.Net; namespace.Let us see how to acess the Uri class:.In C#, it provides object representation of a uniform resource identifier (URI) −Uri uri = new Uri("http://www.example.com/"); WebRequest w = WebRequest.Create(uri);Let us now see the System.Net class. This is used to encorypt connections using using the Secure Socket Layer (SSL). If the URI begins with "https:", SSL is used; if the URI begins with "http:", an unencrypted connection is used.The following is an example. For SSL with FTP, ... Read More

To swap two numbers, use the third variable and perform arithmetical operator without using a temp variable.Set two variables for swapping −val1 = 5; val2 = 10;Now perform the following operation for swap −val1 = val1 + val2; val2 = val1 - val2; val1 = val1 - val2;Exampleusing System; namespace Demo {    class Program {       static void Main(string[] args) {          int val1,val2;          val1 = 5;          val2 = 10;          Console.WriteLine("Values before swap...");          Console.WriteLine(val1.ToString());          Console.WriteLine(val2.ToString());          val1 = val1 + val2;          val2 = val1 - val2;          val1 = val1 - val2;          Console.WriteLine("Values after swap...");          Console.WriteLine(val1.ToString());          Console.WriteLine(val2.ToString());          Console.ReadLine();       }    } }

To reverse a string, use the Array.Reverse() method.Set the string you want to reverse −string str = "Amit";In the above method, we have converted the string into character array −char[] ch = str.ToCharArray();Then the Reverse() method is used.Array.Reverse(ch);Exampleusing System; namespace Demo {    class Program {       static void Main(string[] args) {          string str = "Amit";          char[] ch = str.ToCharArray();          Array.Reverse(ch);          foreach(var items in ch) {             Console.WriteLine(items);          }          Console.ReadLine();       }    } }

Private Methods can only be used inside the class. To set private methods, use the private access specifier.Private access specifier allows a class to hide its member variables and member functions from other functions and objects. Only functions of the same class can access its private members. Even an instance of a class cannot access its private members.The following is an example −Exampleusing System; class Demo {    private int displayOne() {       return 10;    }    public int displayTwo() {       return 10;    } } class Program {    static ... Read More

Runtime polymorphism has method overriding that is also known as dynamic binding or late binding. It is implemented by abstract classes and virtual functions. Abstract classes contain abstract methods, which are implemented by the derived class.Let us see an example of abstract classes that implement runtime polymorphism and works with Overriding −Exampleusing System; namespace PolymorphismApplication {    abstract class Shape {       public abstract int area();    }    class Rectangle: Shape {       private int length;       private int width;       public Rectangle( int a = 0, int ... Read More

For numbers in C#, use the int type. It represents an integer, which is positive or negative whole number.Let us see how to add two integers in C# using mathematical operator + −using System; using System.Linq; class Program {    static void Main() {       int x = 20;       int y = 30;       int sum = 0;       sum = x + y;       Console.WriteLine(sum);    } }Now let us learn about the order in which these mathematical operators i.e. operator precedence.Operator precedence determines the grouping ... Read More

NullReferenceException is a C# version of NullPointerException. To handle and catch it in C#, use try-catch.The below example shows that a variable is set to null and when we try to print it, it throws an exception that gets caught in the catch −Try {    a = null;    Console.WriteLine(a); }catch (NullPointerException ex) {    Console.WriteLine("Variable is Null!"); }The above will allow the exception to be caught and use catch for it.

Naming convetion for classesA class definition starts with the keyword class followed by the class name; and the class body enclosed by a pair of curly braces. The following are the conventions for class names.Pascal CasingThe coding conventions for a class name is the the name of the class names, for example, it should being PascalCasing.public class EmployeeDetails {}Above, the class name EmployeeDetails is in PascalCasing.Noun or Noun PhrasesPrefer adding class names as noun or noun phrases −public class Employee {} Identifier is a name used to identify a class, variable, function, or any other user-defined item.The following are the ... Read More

One of the best tools for mutation testing in C# is “VisualMutator” It is integrated with the .NET programming environment.The following are the features of VisualMutant, which is a mutation test tool −Measure the quality of the test suite.To create first-order mutants using built-in and custom mutation operators.View modified code fragments in C#.Run NUnit and XUnit tests on generated mutants.Provides information about passed and failed testsYou can also write the results to XML.View details about any mutant right after the start of the mutation testing processIt gives results as mutation score

Nested class is a class declared in another enclosing class. It is a member of its enclosing class and the members of an enclosing class have no access to members of a nested class.Let us see an example code snippet of nested classes in C# −Exampleclass One {    public int val1;    public class Two {       public int val1;    } } class Demo {    static void Main() {       One a = new One();       a.val1++;       One.Two ab = new One.Two();       ... Read More