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Programming Articles
Page 151 of 2544
How to deal with error “Error in shapiro.test(…) : sample size must be between 3 and 5000” in R?
The shapiro.test has a restriction in R that it can be applied only up to a sample of size 5000 and the least sample size must be 3. Therefore, we have an alternative hypothesis test called Anderson Darling normality test. To perform this test, we need load nortest package and use the ad.test function as shown in the below examples.Consider the below data frame −Examplex
Read MoreHow to find the row mean for columns in an R data frame by ignoring missing values?
To find the row mean for columns by ignoring missing values, we would need to use rowMeans function with na.rm. For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains five columns and some of the values are missing then the row means will be calculated by using the command: rowMeans(df,na.rm=TRUE).Consider the below data frame −Examplex1
Read MoreC Program for copying the contents of one file into another file
File is a collection of records (or) is a place on hard disk, where data is stored permanently. By using C commands, we can access the files in different ways.Operations on filesThe operations that can be carried out on files in C language are as follows −Naming the file.Opening the file.Reading from the file.Writing into the file.Closing the file.SyntaxThe syntax for opening and naming file is as follows −FILE *File pointer;For example, FILE * fptr;File pointer = fopen ("File name”, "mode”);For example, fptr = fopen ("sample.txt”, "r”);FILE *fp; fp = fopen ("sample.txt”, "w”);The syntax for reading from file is as ...
Read MoreHow to remove rows from an R data frame that contains at least one NaN?
The NA values and NaN values are very different in nature, therefore, removal of rows containing NA values is different from removal of rows containing NaN values. For example, if we have a data frame that has NaN values the rows will be removed by using the is.finite function as shown in the below examples.Consider the below data frame −Examplex1
Read MoreHow to add a row to a frame from another data frame in R?
Sometimes we want to add new data to original data frame in situations such as we need more data for analysis, looking for comparison between small size and large size data, or some data is missing in the original data and hence need more to be added from other data sets. One such thing would be adding a new to an existing data frame from another data frame. It can be done with the help of rbind function as shown in the below example.Consider the below data frames df1 and df2 −Examplex
Read MoreWhat are the different searching techniques in C language?
Searching technique refers to finding a key element among the list of elements.If the given element is present in the list, then the searching process is said to be successful.If the given element is not present in the list, then the searching process is said to be unsuccessful.C language provides two types of searching techniques. They are as follows −Linear searchBinary searchLinear SearchSearching for the key element is done in a linear fashion.It is the simplest searching technique.It does not expect the list to be sorted.Limitation − It consumes more time and reduce the power of system.Input (i/p)Unsorted list of ...
Read MoreHow to display negative labels below bars in barplot using ggplot2 in R?
Be default, the labels on the plot are represented without sign in a barplot that is created by using ggplot2 but we might want to display the sign of the labels especially in cases where we have some negative values. This can be done with the help of geom_text function of ggplot2 package as shown in the below example.Consider the below data frame −Examplex
Read MoreWhat happens if we include header file for two times in a C program?
C header files include some predefined functions. For example, printf() and scanf() functions are defined in the stdio.h header file.Each header files in C contains different predefined functions to make programs simple to understand.When a header file is included two times in a C program, the second one gets ignored. In actual, the #, called the include, preceding a header file ensures that it is included only once during the compilation process.Example 1Following is the C program for computing an average of three numbers −#include #include //header file included twice ,ignored by compiler main(){ int a, b, c, d; ...
Read MoreHow to remove duplicate rows in an R data frame if exists in two columns?
If two values are repeated in a column that means there are many same values in that column but if those values are repeated in column as well as rows then they are called duplicated rows in two columns. To remove duplicate rows in an R data frame if exists in two columns, we can use duplicated function as shown in the below examples.Consider the below data frame −Examplex1
Read MoreHow to create boxplot for a list object in base R?
A list object can contain multiple elements of data, also the size of the data may vary. If a list object has numerical vectors then the boxplot for each of the elements can be created simply by using boxplot function. For example, if we have a list object called LIST that contains five numerical vectors then the boxplot for each of the vectors can be created by using the command boxplot(LIST)ExampleList
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