Actions taken by a kernel to context-switch between processes are -The OS must save the PC and user stack pointer of the currently executing process, in response to a clock interrupt and transfers control to the kernel clock interrupt handlerSaving the rest of the registers, as well as other machine state, such as the state of the floating point registers, in the process PCB is done by the clock interrupt handler.The scheduler to determine the next process to execute is invoked the OS.Then the state of the next process from its PCB is retrieved by OS and restores the registers. ... Read More

Advanced Local Procedure Call(ALPC) is a message-passing mechanism. A globally visible connection-port object is published by the server process. When a client wants services from a subsystem or service, it opens a handle to the server’s connection-port object and sends a connection request to the port. A channel is created by the server and returns a handle to the client. This channel consists of a pair of private communication ports: one for client-to-server messages and the other for server-to-client messages. Communication channels support a callback mechanism, so the client and server can accept requests when they would normally be expecting ... Read More

Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is a client-server mechanism that enables an application on one machine to make a procedure call to code on another machine. The client calls a local procedure—a stub routine—that packs its arguments into a message and sends them across the network to a particular server process. The client-side stub routine then blocks. Meanwhile, the server unpacks the message, calls the procedure, packs the return results into a message, and sends them back to the client stub. The client stub unblocks, receives the message, unpacks the results of the RPC, and returns them to the caller. This ... Read More

Context switching involves storing the context or state of a method or thread in order that it will be reloaded once needed and execution will be resumed from constant purpose as earlier. This can be a feature of a multitasking software system and permits one computer hardware to be shared by multiple processes.When Associate in Nursing interrupt happens, the hardware mechanically switches a region of the context. The handler could save further context, counting on details of the actual hardware and software package styles. Typically, solely a minimal part of the context is modified so as to reduce the quantity ... Read More

DefinitionThe Microsoft Interface Definition Language (MIDL) defines interfaces between client and server programs. The MIDL compiler with the Platform Software Development Kit (SDK) to enable developers to create the interface definition language (IDL) files and application configuration files (ACF) required for Remote Procedure Call (RPC) interfaces and COM/DCOM interfaces are included with Microsoft. MIDL also supports the generation of type libraries for OLE Automation.ApplicationMIDL can be used in all client/server applications based on Windows operating systems. To create client and server programs for heterogeneous network environments that include such operating systems as Unix and Apple, MIDL can also be used. ... Read More

In Linux, when an executable stored on disk is called a program, and a program loaded into memory and running is called a process. A process is given a unique number called process ID (PID) that identifies that process to the system, when it is started. If we ever need to kill a process, for an example, we can refer to it by its PID. As each PID is unique, there is no ambiguity or risk of accidentally killing the wrong process (unless you enter the wrong PID).If we open top (in a terminal, type top and press enter), the ... Read More

The IP address range 127.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255 is reserved for loopback. Loopback IP address is managed entirely by and within the operating system. These addresses enable the Server and Client processes on a single system to communicate with each other. When a process creates a packet with destination address as loopback address, the operating system loops it back to itself without having any interference of NIC.Data sent on loopback is forwarded by the operating system to a virtual network interface within operating system. This address is mostly used for testing purposes like client-server architecture on a single machine.For example, if ... Read More

Context Switching involves storing the context or state of a process or thread so that it can be reloaded when required and execution can beresumed from the same point as earlier. This is a feature of a multitasking operating system and allows a single CPU to be shared by multiple processes.A process switch or process scheduling is to changing one process from another by saving all of the state of the currently executing process, including its register state, associated kernel state, and all of its virtual memory configuration.A thread switch means switching from one thread to another thread within a ... Read More

In Linux, Top command is utilized to monitor Linux Process which is used frequently used by many systems. It is available under many Linux, Unix like operating system. All the running and active real-time processes in ordered list is displayed and updates it regularly by this Top command. display CPU usage, Swap memory, Cache Size, Buffer Size,Process PID, User, Commands and much more. It shows high memory and CPU utilization of running processes in your machine.The following command to monitor Linux Process is typed and it should access root permission.#topThe output should be like this –

Init is the parent of all processes, executed by the kernel during the booting of a system. Its principle role is to create processes from a script stored in the file /etc/inittab. It usually has entries which cause init to spawn gettys on each line that users can log in. It controls autonomous processes required by any particular system.After reading this file, how the system should be set up in each runlevel is determined by init and also set default runlevel. Init starts all background process after setting default runlevel for the system.RunlevelsRunlevel, a software configuration of the system which allows ... Read More