Call by Value means calling a method with a parameter as value. Through this, the argument value is passed to the parameter.While Call by Reference means calling a method with a parameter as a reference. Through this, the argument reference is passed to the parameter.In call by value, the modification done to the parameter passed does not reflect in the caller's scope while in the call by reference, the modification done to the parameter passed are persistent and changes are reflected in the caller's scope. But Java uses only call by value. It creates a copy of references and pass ... Read More

When you compile Java programs using javac compiler it generates bytecode. We need to execute this bytecode using JVM (Java Virtual machine) Then, JVM translates the Java bytecode to machine understandable code. You can download JVM's (comes along with JDK or JRE) suitable to your operating system and, once you write a Java program you can run it on any system using JVM.

Following example uses iterator Method of Collection class to iterate through the HashMap.Example Live Demoimport java.util.*; public class Main {    public static void main(String[] args) {       HashMap< String, String> hMap = new HashMap< String, String>();       hMap.put("1", "1st");       hMap.put("2", "2nd");       hMap.put("3", "3rd");       Collection cl = hMap.values();       Iterator itr = cl.iterator();       while (itr.hasNext()) {          System.out.println(itr.next());       }    } }OutputThe above code sample will produce the following result.1st 2nd 3rd

Following example compares two strings by using str compareTo (string), str compareToIgnoreCase(String) and str compareTo(object string) of string class and returns the ascii difference of first odd characters of compared strings.Example Live Demopublic class StringCompareEmp{    public static void main(String args[]) {       String str = "Hello World";       String anotherString = "hello world";       Object objStr = str;       System.out.println( str.compareTo(anotherString) );       System.out.println( str.compareToIgnoreCase(anotherString) );       System.out.println( str.compareTo(objStr.toString()));    } }OutputThe above code sample will produce the following result.-32 0 0String compare by equals()This method compares ... Read More

We can generate random numbers using three ways in Java.Using java.util.Random class − Object of Random class can be used to generate random numbers using nextInt(), nextDouble() etc. methods.Using java.lang.Math class − Math.random() methods returns a random double whenever invoked.Using java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom class − ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt() method and similar othjer methods return a random numbers whenever invoked.Exampleimport java.util.Random; import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom; public class Tester {    public static void main(String[] args) {       generateUsingRandom();       generateUsingMathRandom();       generateUsingThreadLocalRandom();    }    private static void generateUsingRandom() {       Random random = new Random(); ... Read More

Generate temporary password is now a requirement on almost every website now-a-days. In case a user forgets the password, system generates a random password adhering to password policy of the company. Following example generates a random password adhering to following conditions −It should contain at least one capital case letter.It should contain at least one lower-case letter.It should contain at least one number.Length should be 8 characters.It should contain one of the following special characters: @, $, #, !.Exampleimport java.util.Random; public class Tester{    public static void main(String[] args) {       System.out.println(generatePassword(8));    }    private ... Read More

Generate OTP is now a requirement on most of the website now-a-days. In case of additional authentication, system generates a OTP password adhering to OTP policy of the company. Following example generates a unique OTP adhering to following conditions −It should contain at least one number.Length should be 4 characters.Exampleimport java.util.Random; public class Tester {    public static void main(String[] args) {       System.out.println(generateOTP(4));    }    private static char[] generateOTP(int length) {       String numbers = "1234567890";       Random random = new Random();       char[] otp = new ... Read More

String provides format() method can be used to print formatted output in java.System.out.printf() method can be used to print formatted output in java.Following example returns a formatted string value by using a specific locale, format and arguments in format() methodExampleimport java.util.*; public class StringFormat {    public static void main(String[] args) {       double e = Math.E;       System.out.format("%f%n", e);       System.out.format(Locale.GERMANY, "%-10.4f%n%n", e);    } }OutputThe above code sample will produce the following result.2.718282 2, 7183The following is an another sample example of format strings.Examplepublic class HelloWorld {    public static ... Read More

A method catches an exception using a combination of the try and catch keywords. A try/catch block is placed around the code that might generate an exception. Code within a try/catch block is referred to as protected code, and the syntax for using try/catch looks like the following −Syntaxtry {    // Protected code } catch (ExceptionName e1) {    // Catch block }The code which is prone to exceptions is placed in the try block. When an exception occurs, that exception occurred is handled by catch block associated with it. Every try block should be immediately followed either by ... Read More

Following programs shows the float arithmetic can cause dubious result if integer values are used using float variables.Examplepublic class Tester {    public static void main(String[] args) {       float a = 500000000;       float b = -500000000;       float c = 1;       float sumabc1 = a+(b+c);       float sumabc2 =(a+b)+c;       System.out.println("Floating Point Arithmetic");       System.out.println("a + ( b + c ) : " + sumabc1);       System.out.println("(a + b) + c : " + sumabc2);       ... Read More