CPU and the main memory are having speed faster compared to the electromechanical input or output devices like printers, mouse etc. In such a case it is essential that the data lines of the computer should not kept engaged for a long time during communication with input/output (I/O) devices. Otherwise as an effect, the overall speed of the computer system comes down drastically. So I/O devices are connected to a computer through I/O ports.For example, to get a document printed by the printer, phase wise printer will get required information from the CPU to carry out the printing process. After ... Read More

During the execution of a program, the control unit fetches one instruction at a time from the main memory and then executes it. In this execution process, it takes help of ALU, if the instruction execution involves arithmetic or logical operation (like AND, OR, Ex-OR). After execution of the current instruction, the CPU fetches the next instruction for execution. This process continues until the program is completed and the result is output using the output device. In many computers, the control unit and the ALU are integrated into a single block, known as Central Processing Unit (CPU).Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists ... Read More

Inside a computer, there is an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), which is capable of performing logical operations (e.g. AND, OR, Ex-OR, Invert etc.) in addition to the arithmetic operations (e.g. Addition, Subtraction etc.). The control unit supplies the data required by the ALU from memory, or from input devices, and directs the ALU to perform a specific operation based on the instruction fetched from the memory. ALU is the “calculator” portion of the computer.An arithmetic logic unit(ALU) is a major component of the central processing unit of the a computer system. It does all processes related to arithmetic and logic ... Read More

Whenever a program executes inside a computer then at first the program has to be loaded on to the computer’s primary memory. And also when a does not execute then also the program must remain loaded in computers secondary memory. This memory unit works as an extra block. In a program in memory, the entire set of performed operations is written using the keyboard as a sequence of instructions. This collection of instruction is called a program. Also, the data on which the program is to operate is entered with the help of the keyboard and can be stored in memory. ... Read More

The input devices are used for supplying program and data to the memory. In other words, the computer system reads the program and the data from the input devices. Most common input devices are the keyboard and mouse.Following are some of the important input devices which are used in a computer −KeyboardMouseJoy StickLight penTrack BallScannerGraphic TabletMicrophoneMagnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)Optical Character Reader(OCR)Bar Code ReaderOptical Mark Reader(OMR)KeyboardThe keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of the traditional typewriter, although there are some additional ... Read More

Computer scan is broadly classified by their speed and computing power.Sr.No.TypeSpecifications1PC (Personal Computer) or Micro-ComputersIt is a single user computer system having a moderately powerful microprocessor. It is termed as a computer that is equipped microprocessor as its CPU.2WorkstationIt is also a single user computer system, similar to the personal computer, however, has a more powerful microprocessor.3Mini-ComputerIt is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously.4Main FrameIt is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously. Software technology is different from minicomputer.5Super-ComputerIt is an extremely fast computer, which can execute hundreds of millions of ... Read More

A Microcontroller is a small and low-cost microcomputer, which is designed to perform the specific tasks of embedded systems like displaying microwave’s information, receiving remote signals etc.The general microcontroller consists of the processor, the memory (RAM, ROM, EPROM), Serial ports, peripherals (timers, counters) etc.Types of MicrocontrollersMicrocontrollers are divided into various categories based on memory, architecture, bits and instruction sets. Following is the list of their typesBit − Based on bit configuration, the microcontroller is further divided into three categories.8-bit microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is used to execute arithmetic and logical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication division, etc. For example, ... Read More

In 8085 Instruction set, In the year 2001, Intel introduced the Itanium processor is the first in a family of 64-bit products. It is capable to meet up most demanding enterprise and high-performance computing applications like e-Commerce security transactions, mechanical computer-aided engineering, large databases and sophisticated scientific and engineering computing.Intel Centrino mobile technology is designed specifically for portable computing, with built-in wireless local area network (LAN) capability and breakthrough mobile performance. It enables extended battery life and thinner, lighter, mobile computers and it has mainly three components. They areThe Intel Pentium M processor, introduced from 2003The Intel 855 chipset family ... Read More

In computer architecture, 32-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are 32 bits (4 octets or 4 Bytes) wide. Also, 32-bit CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. 32-bit microcomputers are computers in which 32-bit microprocessors are the norm. We know that n-bit microprocessor can handle n-bit word size.As n-bit register can store 2n different values so, a 32-bit register can store 232 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 32 bits depends on the integer representation used. We ... Read More

In computer architecture, 16-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are 16 bits (2 octets or 2 Bytes) wide. Also, 16-bit CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. 16-bit microcomputers are computers in which 16-bit microprocessors were the norm.As n-bit register can store 2n different values. So as a result, 16-bit register can store 216 different values. If we consider the signed range of integer values that can be stored in 16 bits is −32, 768 (−1 × 215) through 32, 767 (215 − ... Read More