Complementary Code Keying (CCK) is a modulation technique deployed in wireless local area networks (WLANs) that follow IEEE 802.11b specification. CCK came into use in 1999 whereby it replaced the Barker code in wireless networks. CCK helps in attaining data rates higher than 2 Mbps, though at the cost of shorter ranges.Features of CCKCCK is used in wireless LANs to attain theoretical maximum data rates of 11 Mbps.CCK is implemented for transmission in the radio frequency range (RF band) of 2.4GHz – 2.4835GHz.CCK includes a pair of codes called chipping sequences which are complementary to each other. In complementary codes, ... Read More

Rate adaptation is a criteria that determines the performance of IEEE 802.11 wireless networks, or WiFi. Rate adaptation allows transmission to be done at different rates within the wireless network, depending upon the network conditions.In wireless networks, the signal may be strong or weak. Through rate adaptation technique, the data transfer date can be changed depending upon the signal strength, i.e. when the signal is strong, high data rates are adopted, while low data rates are adopted during weak signals.Rate Adaptation AlgorithmsIn traditional rate adaptation algorithms, the lowest permissible data rate was selected for data transfer. Though this ensured that ... Read More

IEEE 802.11 standard, popularly known as WiFi, lays down the architecture and specifications of wireless LANs (WLANs). WiFi or WLAN uses high frequency radio waves instead of cables for connecting the devices in LAN. Users connected by WLANs can move around within the area of network coverage.IEEE 802.11 ArchitectureThe physical layer architecture of IEEE 802.11 has the following components −Stations (STA) − Stations comprises of all devices and equipment that are connected to the wireless LAN. A station can be of two types −Wireless Access Point (WAP) − WAPs or simply access points (AP) are generally wireless routers that form ... Read More

IEEE 802.11 standard, popularly known as WiFi, lays down the architecture and specifications of wireless LANs (WLANs). WiFi or WLAN uses high-frequency radio waves instead of cables for connecting the devices in LAN. Users connected by WLANs can move around within the area of network coverage.IEEE 802.11 ArchitectureThe components of an IEEE 802.11 architecture are as follows −Stations (STA) − Stations comprises of all devices and equipment that are connected to the wireless LAN. A station can be of two types−Wireless Access Point (WAP) − WAPs or simply access points (AP) are generally wireless routers that form the base stations ... Read More

Wireless LANs (WLANs) are wireless computer networks that use high-frequency radio waves instead of cables for connecting the devices within a limited area forming LAN (Local Area Network). Users connected by wireless LANs can move around within this limited area such as home, school, campus, office building, railway platform, etc.Most WLANs are based upon the standard IEEE 802.11 standard or WiFi.Components of WLANsThe components of WLAN architecture as laid down in IEEE 802.11 are −Stations (STA) − Stations comprises of all devices and equipment that are connected to the wireless LAN. Each station has a wireless network interface controller. A ... Read More

Carrier Ethernet is an application of Ethernet technology that allows network providers to offer Ethernet services to their customers and to use Ethernet technology. It enables Internet access and communication among local area networks (LANs) of business, academic, private and government organizations.The services and standards of carrier Ethernet have been defined by the Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF). MEF has also developed certification programs and it promotes the global adoption of carrier Ethernet.Carrier Ethernet versus EthernetThe primary attributes of Carrier Ethernet that differentiates it from Ethernet are −A carrier Ethernet network provides service to many organizations, while an Ethernet LAN renders ... Read More

Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. It was first standardized in the 1980s as IEEE 802.3 standard. It has been around since its inception and has seen different phases of development. A few other technologies have seen such consistency in usability.Advantages of EthernetEthernet is simple and reliable.It is economical since it mostly uses inexpensive twisted-pair cables.It is easily maintainable. It does not require installing any software, except for installing the network drivers.It is very less prone to failures. Once the network components are in place and correctly connected, it works perfectly.It can ... Read More

In computer networks, 10-Gigabit Ethernet is the family of Ethernet technologies that achieve maximum rates up to 10 gigabits per second (10 Gbps). It is also known as 10GE, 10GbE or 10 GigE. It is defined by the IEEE 802.3ae-2002 standard.10GE is a thousand times faster than standard Ethernet and supports only full-duplex communication. Multimode fiber having 0.85μ frequency is used for medium distances and single-mode fiber having 1.5μ frequency is used for long distances.Varieties of Gigabit EthernetThe popular varieties of fast Ethernet are 1000Base-SX, 1000Base-LX, 1000BASE-T and 1000Base-CX.10GBase-SRDefined by IEEE 802.3ae standardUses fiber optic cablesMaximum segment length is 300 ... Read More

In computer networks, jumbo frames are Ethernet frames with payload size greater than 1500 bytes. Here, 1500 bytes is the maximum transmission unit (MTU) set by IEEE 802.3 standard. The maximum size of the jumbo frames is 9000 bytes.FeaturesJumbo frames are generally used in local area networks (LANs) with high data transmission rates of 1 Gbps (gigabits per second).Jumbo frames are usually supported by a wide range of Gigabit Ethernet switches and Gigabit Ethernet network interface cards (NIC). Besides, a few fast Ethernet switches and fast Ethernet NIC also support them.The interfaces must operate at speeds of 1000Mbps.They can be ... Read More

Cabling in Fast Ethernet is done using both copper wires and fiber optic cables. Fast Ethernet carries data traffic at 100 Mbps (Megabits per second) in local area networks (LAN). So, the cabling should be able to handle this data speed. Earlier copper wires cannot be used for their inability to transmit 100 Mbps data over 100 meters.Cabling in Common Varieties of Fast EthernetThe common varieties of fast Ethernet are 100-Base-TX, 100-BASE-FX and 100-Base-T4.Cabling in 100-Base-T4This has four pairs of UTP of Category 3, two of which are bi-directional and the other two are unidirectional.Each twisted pair is capable of ... Read More