It is the simplest flow control method. In this, the sender will transmit one frame at a time to the receiver. The sender will stop and wait for the acknowledgement from the receiver.This time (i.e. the time joining message transmitting and acknowledgement receiving) is the sender’s waiting time, and the sender is idle during this time.When the sender gets the acknowledgement (ACK), it will send the next data packet to the receiver and wait for the disclosure again, and this process will continue as long as the sender has the data to send.While sending the data from the sender to ... Read More

I2C ProtocolI2C stands for the inter-integrated controller. It is a serial communication protocol that can connect low-speed devices. It is a master-slave communication in which we can link and control multiple slaves from a single master. In this, each slave device has a specific address.SPI ProtocolSPI is an interface that enables the serial (one bit at a time) exchange of data between two devices, one called a master, and the other called a slave. In this protocol, devices are linked in the master-slave relationship.The major differences between I2C protocol and SPI protocol are as follows −I2C ProtocolSPI ProtocolThere are two ... Read More

SPI stands for the Serial Peripheral Interface. SPI is a general-objective synchronous serial interface. During an SPI transfer, send and receive data is simultaneously shifted out and in serially. It was created by Motorola in the mid-1980 for inter-chip communication. The SPI is used to authorise a microcontroller to communicate with peripheral devices such as E2PROMs.SPI devices transmitted using a master-slave relationship. Because of its lack of built-in device addressing, SPI needs more effort and more hardware resources than I2C when more than one slave is involved. But SPI tends to be easier and more efficient than I2C in point-to-point ... Read More

A sliding window is also known as windowing. A sliding window is a method for controlling sending data packets between two network devices where dependable and sequential delivery of data packets is needed, such as using the Data Link Layer (OSI model) or Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).In the sliding window technique, each data packet (for most data link layers) and byte (in TCP) includes a unique consecutive sequence number used by the receiving computer to place data in the correct order. The objective of the sliding window technique is to use the sequence numbers to avoid duplicate data and to ... Read More

MQTT represents Message Queuing Telemetry Transport. It is a highly lightweight and publish-subscribe messaging transport protocol. This protocol is helpful for the connection with the remote location where the bandwidth is a premium. These features make it useful in multiple situations, including a stable environment such as communication machine to machine and the internet.MQTT was initially invented and developed by IBM in the late 1990s. Its original application was to link sensors on oil pipelines with satellites. It is a messaging protocol that provides asynchronous communication between parties. An asynchronous messaging protocol decouples the message sender and receiver in both ... Read More

I2C stands for the inter-integrated controller. This is a serial communication protocol that can connect low-speed devices. It is a master-slave communication in which we can connect and control multiple slaves from a single master. In this, each slave device has a specific address.The I2C is developed to overcome the complexities of transmitting data through other communication protocols, including Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) and Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI).UART is an asynchronous transmission protocol. It is a device using them that should agree ahead of time on a data cost. The clocks of the machines should also have clocks with ... Read More

Windows NT was produced by Microsoft in July 1993. Its 1st version was Windows NT 31 and windows 31 advanced server. It is processor independent multiprocessing, multiuser and component based on 2000.FeaturesThere are various features of Windows NT, which are as follows −It implements pre-emptive multitasking and multithreading operations.It supports multiple CPU systems with SMP (Symmetric Multiprocessing technology).Its security meets the US Department of Defence’s C2 standard.The NT system is a popular network operating system because of its low price, strong application service capability, high performance, and rich software.It supports various hardware platforms such as CISI (Intel system) and RISC ... Read More

A firewall is a network security device that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and permits or blocks data packets based on a set of security rules. Its purpose is to establish a barrier between your internal network and incoming traffic from external sources (such as the internet) to block malicious traffic such as viruses and hackers.There are various types of firewalls in a computer network, which are as follows −Packet Filtering FirewallsA packet filtering firewall is an essential type of firewall. It facilitates a management program that monitors web traffic and filters incoming packets based on configured security methods.These ... Read More

A firewall is a network security tool that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and determines whether to allow or block definite traffic based on a defined collection of security rules.The primary purpose is to enable non-threatening traffic and avoid malicious or unwanted data traffic for protecting the system from viruses and attacks. A firewall is a cybersecurity device that filters network traffic and supports users to block malicious software from creating the Internet in infected computers.Software vs Hardware FirewallsFirewalls can be hardware or software. In addition to reducing access to a protected device and network, a firewall can chunk ... Read More

VLAN stands for Virtual LAN. It is a logical grouping of network devices. When we create VLAN, we break the large broadcast domain into smaller broadcast domains. Consider VLAN as a subnet. The same as two different subnets cannot communicate without a router, and different VLANs also require the router to transmit.FeaturesThere are various features of VLAN, which are as follows −Virtual LANs offer structure for creating groups of devices, even if their networks are different.It can raise the broadcast domains possible in a LAN.VLANs can be performing VLANs reduces the security risks as the number of hosts connected to ... Read More