Let us understand what a SONET/SDH Transmission in computer networking is.SONET/SDH TransmissionSONET stands for synchronous optical network. It offers cost effective transport both in the access area and core of the network.The transport services for the metro are provided by the optical layer. The optical layer has been now giving services for synchronous transmission and performance monitoring.Example − Telecom Network overviewThe SONET/SDH transmission is diagrammatically represented as follows −Its main role is that if some of the points in a network have not been working properly, the damaged sonnet has the capability to provide alternative points for the transport.Multiplexing enables ... Read More

Access Network is a type of network which connects the end system to the immediate router, physically in the path from the end system to any other distant end system. In telecommunications it is the network connecting subscribers to ISP.Some of the examples of the Access Networks are as follows −Home networkMobile networkAsymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)Internet service provider (ISP)Some of access technologies are as follows −EthernetThe telephone lineWifiCable internet accessFiber to the home (FTTH)Dial-up modemDigital subscriber lineWide Area wireless Access networkNow let us try to understand some of the technologies in detail −Digital subscriber lineDigital subscriber line was previously ... Read More

Packet Switched service transfers the data from source to destination. Data is transferred on a type of network in which small units of data called packets are transferred. Each packet contains a destination address within it, where it has to be received.This type of communication between receiver & sender is connectionless. The internet is also a connectionless network. Most of the traffic over the internet uses packet switched service.Voice call over the internet is a type of packet switching, where each end of the conversation is divided into small packets & is reassembled later into a complete message. Packets are ... Read More

In a packet switching network, the data or information is transmitted between the sender and receiver in the form of packets. It does not require a dedicated physical path to transmit the fixed-size packet across the sun-network.If the size of information is large, then it is subdivided into multiple packets. On the destination side these multiple packets are assembled together into the original message, one type of packet-switched network is the datagram packet switched network.Types of Packet Switching NetworkThe packet switching network is of two types −Datagram packet switchingVirtual circuit packet switchingThe packet switching network is diagrammatically represented as follows ... Read More

The presence of congestion means the load is greater than the resources available over a network to handle. Generally we will get an idea to reduce the congestion by trying to increase the resources or decrease the load, but it is not that much of a good idea.There are some approaches for congestion control over a network which are usually applied on different time scales to either prevent congestion or react to it once it has occurred.Now let us see one of the techniques for congestion control which is termed as load shedding −Load SheddingIt is one of the approaches ... Read More

When too many packets are present in the network it causes packet delay and loss of packet which degrades the performance of the system. This situation is called congestion.The network layer and transport layer share the responsibility for handling congestions. One of the most effective ways to control congestion is trying to reduce the load that transport layer is placing on the network. To maintain this, the network and transport layers have to work together.With too much traffic, performance drops sharply.There are two types of Congestion control algorithms, which are as follows −Leaky Bucket AlgorithmToken Bucket AlgorithmLeaky Bucket AlgorithmLet see ... Read More

When too many packets are present in the network it causes packet delay and loss of packet which degrades the performance of the system. This situation is called congestion.The network layer and transport layer share the responsibility for handling congestions. One of the most effective ways to control congestion is trying to reduce the load that transport layer is placing on the network. To maintain this, network and transport layers have to work together.With too much traffic, performance drops sharply.Types of Congestion Control AlgorithmsThere are two types of Congestion control algorithms, which are explained below −Leaky Bucket AlgorithmIt mainly controls ... Read More

We need a virtual-circuit subnet for connection-oriented service. Virtual circuits were designed to avoid having to choose a new route for every packet sent.Instead, a route from the source machine to the destination machine is chosen as part of the connection setup and stored in tables inside the routers, when a connection is established. That route is utilised for all traffic flowing over the connection, and exactly the same manner even telephone works.The virtual circuit is also terminated, when the connection is released. In connection-oriented service, every packet will have an identifier which tells to which virtual circuit it belongs ... Read More

When connectionless service is offered, packets are frequently called Datagrams (just like telegrams) because individual packets are injected to the subnet and are routed individually.No advance setup is required. Subnets are called Datagram subnets. When Connection oriented service is provided, then before any packet is sent a path from source router to destination router is established. This connection is called Virtual Circuit and the subnet is called Virtual Circuit subnet.The implementation of connectionless service is diagrammatically represented as follows −Datagram NetworkLet us discuss how datagram network works in stepwise manner −Step 1 − Suppose there is a process P1 on ... Read More

Let us understand what a Wi-Fi Direct mode is.Wi-Fi Direct ModeThe Wi-Fi Direct is built upon the same Wi-Fi technology used by most modern consumer electronic devices to communicate with wireless routers. It allows two devices to communicate with each other, provided that at least one of them is compliant with the standard to establish a peer-to-peer connection. Wi-Fi Direct is supported by more devices than most people realize.This mode is shown below −Here, 1 is the Printer2 is the Computer with a wireless interface3 is the Mobile or Another wireless device.Ad-Hoc modeCollections of computers are associated so that they ... Read More