Let us understand the concept of Quality of Service (QoS) in networking.QOS in terms of networkingQuality of service (QoS) in the case of networking implies the ability of a network to provide reliable service to the traffic over various technologies including Ethernet, wireless, IP, Asynchronous Mode etc.QOS in case of network congestion has to keep in record various elements causing this congestion. It may be due to the reason of low bandwidth or high traffic on a single route.So, routing protocol being used heavily impacts the Quality of service of networking.It depends on how efficient a routing algorithm is to ... Read More

BGP stands for Border Gateway Protocol. It can be defined as a standardized exterior gateway protocol which is developed to interchange routing information and reachability information between various autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet. It is classified as a path vector protocol as well as a distance-vector routing protocol.Types of BGPThere are two types of BGP and they are as follows −Internal BGP − Internal BGP (IBGP) is a BGP connection between BGP speakers in the same AS.External BGP − External BGP (EBGP) is a BGP connection between BGP speakers in different AS’s.Message TypesThere are four message types of BGP ... Read More

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is a group of IP addresses that are allocated to the customer when they demand a fixed number of IP addresses.In CIDR there is no wastage of IP addresses as compared to classful addressing because only the numbers of IP addresses that are demanded by the customer are allocated to the customer.The group of IP addresses is called Block in Classless Inter - Domain (CIDR).CIDR follows CIDR notation or Slash notation. The representation of CIDR notation is x.y.z.w /n the x.y.z.w is IP address and n is called mask or number of bits that are used ... Read More

The DSL technology is defined as the digital subscriber lines. Here, the data is transmitted to the users over the telephone signal lines.Voice communication over the telephone is the best example of the digital subscriber lines. Also, there are DSL services that are provided by DSL technology.Here there is asymmetric and symmetric digital subscriber line both are supported by the DSL network.The services provided by the companies that provide the DSL are −The broadband internet connectionVoice communicationVideo streaming at low speed is offered by the companies using the DSL network.Purpose of DSLThe purposes of DSL are explained below −DSL is ... Read More

ISDN stands for integrated service digital network. It is a telephone switched network which integrates voice and data over a digital line simultaneously. It also provides packet switched networks.ISDN supports a variety of services which are as follows −Voice callsVideo textsElectronic mailDatabase accessFacsimileTeletextData transmission and voiceConnection to internetElectronic Fund transferImage and graphics exchangeDocument storage and transferAudio and Video ConferencingThe figure given below depicts ISDN −Channels of ISDNISDN has mainly three channels, which are as follows −B-channel − It offers a speed of around 64kbps, which can be used for home purpose.D-channel − It offers speeds ranging from 16 to 64 ... Read More

Let us understand the concept of piconet and scatternet before learning the differences between them.PiconetA piconet is a network created by connecting multiple wireless devices using Bluetooth technology. In a piconet network a master device exists, this master device cm gets connected to 7 more slave devices.It includes the master the number of devices that can be connected is limited to 8. Due to less number of devices active at a time the usage of channel band width is not more.Number of devices that can be connected is limited to 8. It is applicable for devices belonging to small areas.Given ... Read More

A group of communication in a computer network is multicasting, where a sender sends data to multiple receivers simultaneously. Simply in Multicasting we send data across a computer network to several users at the same time. It supports one-to-many and many-to-many data transmission across LANs or WANs.User Datagram Protocol (UDP)The most common protocol (transport layer protocol) to use multicast addressing is User Datagram Protocol (UDP).User datagram protocol is defined as the simplest transport layer communication protocol available of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol suite. It is one of the core members of the Internet protocol suite. It Increases ... Read More

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a router protocol used to find the best path for packets as they pass through a set of connected networks.This protocol is designated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) one of the Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) aimed at traffic moving around within a larger autonomous system network like a single enterprise's network, which may in turn be made up of many separate local area networks linked through routers.ExplanationArea 1 Border router Area 0 Backbone zone Border router Area 2 OSPF.OSPF protocol is called a link state routing protocol, which maintains link state databases. ... Read More

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) shares error reporting and device status messages which can be further divided into specific message types with their codes.These message types can be divided into two categories −Error Reporting MessagesQuery MessagesThese message types are shown below −Error Reporting MessagesThese are messages which are sent when an error is reported by ICMP protocol.Some of common messages under this category are as follows:Destination Unreachable (Type 3)One of the most common error reporting messages occurs when the router is unable to locate the path of the packet where it is needed to be delivered and in this case ... Read More

There are three security issues that are applicable to the IP protocol −Packet SniffingPacket ModificationIP SpoofingLet us discuss each issue in detail.Packet SniffingA guest may intercept an IP packet and create a copy of it.The packet sniffing is generally a passive attack, where the attacker does not change the contents of the packet.Packet sniffing attack is difficult to detect because here the sender and receiver doesn’t know that the packet has been copied.Even though the packet sniffing cannot be stopped, the encryption of the packet can make the attacker’s effort useless. Still the attackers may sniff the packet, but the ... Read More