Wireless Local Loop (WLL) is a generic word for an access system that connects users to the local telephone company's switch via wireless links rather than traditional copper cables. This system, also known as fixed wireless access (FWA) or fixed radio, provides telephone, facsimile, and data services to business and residential subscribers using analog or digital radio technology.WLL systems enable the rapid deployment of basic phone service in areas where geography or telecommunications development makes traditional wireline service prohibitively expensive.WLL systems are easy to integrate with a modified public telephone network (PSTN), and they can usually be installed within a ... Read More

Have you ever wondered how different layers of the network work together to send messages? Before going into details, let us first understand some basic terms.Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) request is a protocol that converts IP addresses to MAC addresses.A routing table  is a set of rules, usually displayed in tabular format, used to determine the routing location of data packets transmitted over an Internet Protocol (IP) network.In a typical network, the host device or main computer has all the layers and on the other hand, the router has a network, data link layer and a physical layer.ExampleAssuming that we ... Read More

What is a Smart Card?A smart card is a compact microprocessor-based device the size of a credit card that stores and processes data. Smart cards have mostly supplanted conventional magnetic cards since they can store more data and perform more functions. Smart cards are now used in various industries, including retail, public transportation, and security.Smart card manufacturers can put small circuits and circuitry on a printed card using modern technologies such as electron beam lithography. As data storage technology progresses, manufacturers will continue to increase the functionality of smart cards by working with nanoscale components of these cards.It is feasible ... Read More

The use of telephony (typically Voice over IP telephony) to perform phishing attacks is known as voice phishing or vishing.Landline telephone services are typically reliable because they are terminated at recognized physical locations and are associated with a bill-payer. However, contemporary Voice over IP (VoIP) technologies like caller ID spoofing and automated systems (IVR) are frequently used by vishing criminals to evade detection by law enforcement authorities. Voice phishing is commonly used to acquire credit card numbers or other personal information from individuals for use in identity theft operations.Voice phishing assaults are often carried out via automated text-to-speech systems that ... Read More

The World Wide Online (WWW), often known as the Web, is an information system in which Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) are used to identify documents and other digital resources. URLs, such ashttps://example.com/, which can be connected together via hyperlinks and are accessible over the Internet.Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP) is used to transport Web resources, which are accessed by users via a web browser and published by a web server. The World Wide Web is not the same as the Internet, which is built on the same technology as the Web and predates it by more than two decades in certain ... Read More

What is a Backbone Network?A backbone is a component of the computer network infrastructure that connects multiple networks and provides a conduit for data to flow between them. A backbone may connect different local area networks in workplaces, campuses, or buildings. When numerous local area networks (LANs) are linked across a large region, the result is a wide area network (WAN) or metropolitan area network (MAN) if it serves the entire city.A backbone is a series of passageways that other significant networks connect to for long-distance communication on a massive scale. Various networking technologies collaborate as connecting points or nodes. ... Read More

Tunnelling is a protocol for transferring data securely from one network to another. Using a method known as encapsulation, Tunnelling allows private network communications to be sent across a public network, such as the Internet. Encapsulation enables data packets to appear general to a public network when they are private data packets, allowing them to pass unnoticed.Note − Port forwarding is another name for Tunnelling.When data is tunnelled, it is split into smaller parts called packets, as it travels through the tunnel. The packets are encrypted via the tunnel, and another process known as encapsulation takes place. For transmission, private ... Read More

Cross-Site Request ForgeryCross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is an Internet exploit that involves a trusted website user issuing unauthorized commands. In contrast to cross-site scripting, which exploits the user's trust for a website, CSRF leverages a website's trust for a specific user's browser. Session riding or a one-click attack are other terms for the same thing.The "GET" command of a browser is commonly used as the exploit point in a CSRF. To inject commands into a specific website, CSRF employs HTML tags like "IMG." A particular user of the website is then engaged as both a host and an unintentional accomplice. ... Read More

Electronic mail (email) is a digital messaging system that allows users to send and receive messages via the Internet. Email communications are sent and received by email servers, available from all Internet Service Providers (ISP).Emails are sent between two separate server folders: the senders and the recipients. A sender saves, transmits, or forwards email messages, whereas a recipient accesses an email server to view or download emails.Types of Email AttacksIn this article, we will take a look at some methods in which cybercriminals use emails to attack vulnerable users.PhishingPhishing is a type of deception. Cybercriminals utilize email, instant messaging, and ... Read More

When it is required to remove row with custom list element, a list comprehension and the ‘any’ operator are used.ExampleBelow is a demonstration of the samemy_list = [[14, 3, 11], [66, 27, 8], [31, 12, 21], [11, 16, 26]] print("The list is :") print(my_list) check_list = [3, 10, 19, 29, 20, 15] print("The check list is :") print(check_list) my_result = [row for row in my_list if not any(element in row for element in check_list)] print("The result is :") print(my_result)OutputThe list is : [[14, 3, 11], [66, 27, 8], [31, 12, 21], [11, 16, 26]] The check ... Read More