Let us begin by understanding what Frequency-Division Multiplexing FDMA is.FDMAFrequency-Division Multiplexing is an analog technique used when the channel’s bandwidth is larger than the consolidated bandwidths of the signals to be advertised.In FDM, there are several frequencies that are combined into an individual composite signal and shared on the channel. At the receiver end, the reverse procedure is used to get the single frequencies back for working. The whole bandwidth of the channel is breaked into logical channels, and each sending device is given with the control of a logical channel.When the signal appears at the receiver in the composite ... Read More

MQTT represents Message Queuing Telemetry Transport. It is a hugely lightweight and publish-subscribe messaging transport protocol. This protocol is beneficial for the connection with the remote areas where the bandwidth is excellent.These features make it helpful in various situations, such as a stable environment like communication machine to machine and the internet.MQTT was initially invented and produced by IBM in the late 1990s. Its original software was to connect sensors on oil pipelines with satellites. It is a messaging protocol that provides asynchronous connection between parties.An asynchronous messaging protocol de-couples the message sender and receiver in both area and time ... Read More

Data Link Layer is the second layer in the OSI reference model. It represents creating a shared transmission medium and frequent transmission of the data frame in a computer transmission setting.It can access a natural flow of elements for the physical layer at the sender device. The basic flow of data is generated using multiple technologies such as cable, DSL, wireless, optical fibre, etc.Services Provided to Data Link LayerThe primary service of the data link layer is to support error-free transmission. The physical layer sends the data from the sender’s hub to the receiver’s hub as raw bits. The data ... Read More

Let us begin by learning about decision support systems (DSS).DSSDSS DSS represents Decision Support System. It defines a class of systems that provides in the process of decision making and does not always provide a decision itself. These are a specific class of digital data systems that provides business and organizational decision-making actions.It is computer-based software that collects, organizes, and analyzes business information to simplify quality business decision-making for administration, services, and planning.A well-designed DSS aids decision-makers in compiling multiple data from some sources such as raw information, files, personal knowledge from employees, management, administration, and business models. DSS analysis ... Read More

Let us understand the concept of flow control.Flow ControlFlow control is an important procedure to control issues like congestion, overloading, loss of data, etc. Flow control is a service implemented by the receiving device to limit the data rate being sent by the transmitting machine. The stop and wait protocols are the simplest methods to control the data flow. Flow control is a must, particularly if the communicating machines have multiple transmission and reception data costs.A simple method of flow control is Stop and Wait for Flow Control. In this, the sender will share one frame at a time with ... Read More

It is a collection of processes that tells the sender how much data it can send before the data destroys the receiver. The receiving device has finite speed and limited memory to save the data.Thus, the receiving device should be able to instruct the sending device to stop the transmission temporarily before the limits are arrived.There is another essential problem in the data link design to manage the cost of data communication between two source and destination hosts. If the conflict between the source and destination hosts data sending and receiving speed, it will make packets drop at the receiver ... Read More

Data Link Control is the service provided by the Data Link Layer to offer reliable data transfer over the physical channel. It takes the physical layer’s bits and finds an error.This creates an error-free communications path among network nodes over the physical medium, frames messages for communication, tests the integrity of received messages, manages access to and uses the medium, ensures the proper sequence of transmitted data.Error ControlIt contains sequencing frames and transmitting control frames for acceptance. A noisy channel can avoid scanning of bits, falling bits from a frame, introducing specific bits in the frame, frames final sinking, etc.The ... Read More

DWDM represents Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing. It is a technology in which several optical signals (laser light) of multiple wavelengths or colors are combined into one signal and are sent over the connecting channel to a lengthy area.When the optical signal transmission distance changes into thousands of kilometers, it results in loss of few signals. It can fascinate this signal loss, optical fibre amplifiers are used in the DWDM transmission system.The DWDM technology needed this gain bandwidth to share various optical signals together efficiently. DWDM can address up to 80 channels (80 optical signals) with 100 GHz (0.8 nm) spacing.Dense ... Read More

Let us begin by understanding what an antivirus is.AntivirusAntivirus software is a program that acts against virus protection. It can find or see the virus, and following, after finding the nearness of the virus, it works on expelling it from the computer system. Antivirus software works as a prophylactic with the aim that it takes out a virus and keeps some potential viruses from infecting your device in the future.Antivirus software is the important level of our internet security, be it on our personal computers or cellular devices. It is becoming essential to have trustworthy protection on our smartphones, because ... Read More

Computer Network is an interconnection of numerous computers to share an operating system, hardware, and information through a transmission mode among them. There is no condition to the location between two computers in a network.Elements of Computer NetworkA computer network involves the following elements −Nodes (Workstations) − The multiple terminals linked to the network sharing the network resources are known as nodes.Server − It can assign a specific node as a central node at a well-known and permanent address to support the network. The node supporting the service is referred to as the server.Network Interface Unit − The interpreter, which ... Read More