A document is a record in a document−based database that contains data on an item and any associated metadata. Field−value pairs form documents that can include a variety of data types like characters, integers, dates, arrays, and objects. They are commonly saved in XML, JSON, or BSON formats. Data retrieval and processing are made simple by the unique identifiers assigned to each document in the database. Documents do not have a set schema, therefore they do not all need to contain the same fields in a collection. This adaptability makes it possible to store several data structures in ... Read More

Database management systems (DBMS) employ the non−procedural query language known as Domain Relational Calculus (DRC). DRC focuses simply on what data to collect without outlining the techniques for retrieval, as opposed to Relational Algebra, which provides methods and procedures for fetching data. It offers a declarative method of database querying. Syntax { | P(x1, x2, ..., xn) } Here, refers to the resulting domain variable P(x1, x2, ..., xn) refers to the condition equivalent to the predicate calculus. Example 1 This example shows us to solve the query which is how to find the names ... Read More

Double buffering is essential for improving user experience and performance. This method is extensively used to reduce delays, increase performance, and enable smooth multitasking in database management systems, streaming media applications, and graphics rendering. In order to optimise data transit and processing, double buffering is used which is a programming approach that uses two buffers or temporary storage spaces. It enables the execution of input and output processes simultaneously, thereby minimising delays and enhancing system performance as a whole. Double buffering allows for efficient multitasking and effective resource management by using one buffer for data storage while the other ... Read More

A schema is a logical structure that stores database objects in SQL Server. It offers a method for classifying and organizing database items including tables, views, and processes. There could be instances where you need to delete a schema from your database. The SQL Server DROP SCHEMA command is useful in this situation. We can delete a schema from the database using the DROP SCHEMA statement. For database administrators and developers who wish to effectively control the structure of their databases, the Drop statement is a crucial tool. Syntax DROP SCHEMA [ IF EXISTS ] schema_name; Here, If ... Read More

Making the best option for the organisation's Database Management System (DBMS) is crucial since it may have a big influence on the business's operations and financial resources. When choosing a DBMS, a number of variables come into play, including technical concerns, organisational politics, and economic issues. We may make an educated choice that is in line with the financial objectives and needs of the organisation by being aware of these economic considerations. Factors to Consider Software Acquisition Cost The cost of a software purchase is one of the main economic aspects to consider when selecting a DBMS. This refers ... Read More

Embedded SQL is a powerful method that allows the integration of high−level programming languages with database management systems (DBMS). It acts as a bridge between applications and databases which helps in data manipulation and communication. Various database management systems offer embedded SQL, giving developers the freedom to select the one that best serves their requirements. Popular DBMS that support Embedded SQL are Altibase, IBM Db2, Microsoft SQL Server, Mimer SQL, Oracle Database, PostgreSQL, and SAP Sybase. Need of Embedded SQL The goal to make database interactions simpler for application developers and end users determines the demand for embedded SQL. ... Read More

Encapsulation of Operations Encapsulation of operations refers to the behavior of objects in object−oriented database systems(ODBS)through the responsibilities that can be carried out. Objects can be created, changed, retrieved, or deleted by the use of encapsulation of operations. Customers simply receive knowledge of the operations like interface or signature and aren't made privy to how those operations are honestly achieved. The implementation includes the specification of any hidden internal information systems in addition to the common sense that determines the operations, while the interface presents the call and parameters of each action. ODBs offer a sure stage of abstraction ... Read More

Data Fragmentation The process of dividing the database into smaller multiple parts or sub−tables is called fragmentation. The smaller parts or sub−tables are called fragments and are stored at different locations. Data fragmentation should be done in a way that the reconstruction of the original parent database from the fragments is possible. The restoration can be done using UNION or JOIN operations. Database fragmentation is of three types: Horizontal fragmentation, Vertical fragmentation, and Mixed or Hybrid fragmentation. Horizontal Fragmentation It divides a table horizontally into a group of rows to create multiple fragments or subsets of a table. ... Read More

HTTP is an application layer protocol created to transport data between networked devices. In HTTP, a number of methods are accessible. These methods represent the CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, in that order. Some HTTP methods share a lot of the same traits. Therefore, before implementing these comparable HTTP methods in an HTTP system, we should thoroughly study them. For instance, there are similarities between the features of the PUT and PATCH methods that may cause confusion. Both are used to update a resource at a particular location. The following are some of the differences between them. What is ... Read More

Introduction In today's world, data is the backbone of every industry. To make sense of it all, tools like Kibana are used to visualize and analyze the data. However, running Kibana on its own can often lead to performance issues and security vulnerabilities. This is where Nginx reverse proxy comes in handy. Preparing the Environment for Nginx Reverse Proxy Configuration Installing Nginx on the Server Before installing Nginx on the server, it is important to ensure that all necessary dependencies are installed. This can be done by running a system update and then installing the dependencies using the ... Read More