Data Hiding and Encapsulation are important concepts in object-oriented programming (OOP). Data hiding helps prevent the illegal or unauthorized access of members of a class, while encapsulation helps in the wrapping up of data members and methods inside a class. The most basic difference between data hiding and encapsulation is that data hiding focuses on data security, while encapsulation focuses on hiding the complexity of the system. Read this article to find out more about Data Hiding and Encapsulation and how they are different from each other. Let's start with a basic overview of these two important concepts, Data Hiding ... Read More

In object oriented programming (OOP), abstraction and data hiding are two important concepts. Abstraction is a process of extracting important information without involving the complete detail of the system. On the other hand, data hiding is a process of wrapping the data in a single unit, i.e., to achieve data encapsulation. Read this article to learn more about abstraction and data hiding and how these two concepts are different from each other. What is Abstraction? Abstraction, or data abstraction, is one of the object-oriented methodologies. Abstraction is defined as the process of hiding the internal implementation and keeping the complicated ... Read More

MySQL uses port number 3306 by default.3306 Port Number3306 port number is used by MySQL protocol to connect with the MySQL clients and utilities such as ‘mysqldump’. It is a TCP, i.e Transmission Control Protocol.VulnerabilitiesLet us see if there are any vulnerabilities while using this default port −In general, port 3306 shouldn’t be opened since it could make the server vulnerable to attack. If the user needs to connect to the database remotely, there are many other secure options, instead of opening the port 3306.One of the secure options includes using an SSH tunnel. On the other hand, if it ... Read More

To determine the connection method that is used by MySQL connection, the below command can be used −netstat −ln | grep 'mysql'On Unix, MySQL programs treat the host name ‘localhost’ in a special manner. Hence, it behaves differently than what is expected of it.Type of ConnectionTo know the type of connection from within the mysql CLI, the below command can be used −mysql> \sOutput −Connection: 127.0.0.1 via TCP/IP (or) Connection: Localhost via UNIX socketTCP/IP connection to the local serverTo ensure that the client makes a TCP/IP connection to the local server, the --host or -h can be used. This will ... Read More

Let us look at the administrative and utility programs in MySQL and understand how they can be used −ibd2sdiIt is a utility to extract serialized dictionary information (SDI) from InnoDB tablespace files. SDI data is present all persistent InnoDB tablespace files. ibd2sdi can be used at runtime or when the server is offline.innochecksumIt prints the checksums for InnoDB files. It reads an InnoDB tablespace file, calculates the checksum for every page, compares the calculated checksum to the stored checksum, and reports mismatches, which show the damaged pages. It was originally developed to speed up the verification of the integrity of ... Read More

The mysqlshow client can be used to see what databases exist, their tables, or a table's columns or indexes.It provides a command-line interface for several SQL SHOW statements.Invoke mysqlshowThe mysqlshow utility can be invoked as shown below −shell> mysqlshow [options] [db_name [tbl_name [col_name]]]Here, If no database is provided, a list of database names are displayed.If no table is given, all matching tables in the database are displayed.If no column is provided, all matching columns and column types in the table are shown.The output displays the names of only those databases, tables, or columns for which the user has certain privileges.Optionsmysqlshow ... Read More

The mysqlpump client utility performs logical backups, thereby producing a set of SQL statements that would be executed to reproduce the original database object definitions and table data. It helps dump one or more MySQL databases for backup or transfer to another SQL server.Features of mysqlpumpLet us understand the features of mysqlpump −Parallel processing of databases, as well as that of objects within databases, thereby helping speed up the dump process.It provides better control over which databases and database objects (tables, stored programs, user accounts) need to be dumpedDumping of user accounts as account-management statements (CREATE USER, GRANT) instead of ... Read More

The mysqlimport client comes with a command-line interface that helps with the LOAD DATA SQL statement. Most options to mysqlimport respond directly to clauses of LOAD DATA syntaxInvoking mysqlimportThe utility mysqlimport can be invoked as shown below −shell> mysqlimport [options] db_name textfile1 [textfile2 ...]For every text file that is named on the command line, mysqlimport strips any extension from the file name and uses the result to figure out the name of the table into which the file's contents have to be imported.ExampleLet us take an example: Files named sample.txt, sample.text, and sample all would be imported into a table ... Read More

The mysqldump client utility helps performs logical backups, thereby producing a set of SQL statements which can be executed to reproduce the original database object definitions and table data.mysqldump UsageIt dumps one or more MySQL databases for backup or transfer to another SQL server.The mysqldump command also generates output in CSV, other delimited text, or XML format.The utility mysqldump requires at least the SELECT privilege for dumped tables, SHOW VIEW for dumped views, TRIGGER for dumped triggers, LOCK TABLES if the --single-transaction option is not used, and PROCESS if --no-tablespaces option is not used.The databases can be cloned for the ... Read More

The ‘mysqladmin’ is a client that helps perform administrative operations. It can also be used to check the server's configuration and current status, to create and drop databases, and much more.The mysqladmin can be invoked by using the below command −shell> mysqladmin [options] command [command-arg] [command [command-arg]] ...Let us see some of the commands which mysqladmin supports. Some commands take an argument following the command name.create db_nameThis command creates a new database named db_name.drop db_nameIt deletes the database named db_name and all its tables.extended-statusIt displays the server status variables and their values.flush-hostsIt flushes all information in the host cache.flush-privilegesIt reloads ... Read More