There are so many characteristics of a database management system, which are as follows − A database management system is able to store any kind of data in a database. The database management system has to support ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) properties. The Database management system allows so many users to access databases at the same time. Backup and recovery are ... Read More

The Database Management System (DBMS) is defined as a software system that allows the user to define, create and maintain the database and provide control access to the data.It is a collection of programs used for managing data and simultaneously it supports different types of users to create, manage, retrieve, update and store information.PurposeThe purpose of DBMS is to transform the following −Data into information.Information into knowledge.Knowledge to the action.The diagram given below explains the process as to how the transformation of data to information to knowledge to action happens respectively in the DBMS −Previously, the database applications were built ... Read More

A file system is a method of storing and organizing the computer files and the data they contain to make it easy to find and access them.Characteristics of file systemThe characteristics of file system are as follows −It is a group of files for storing the data of an organization.Each file is independent from one another.Each file is called a flat file.Files are designed by using the program written in programming languages such as C, C++.Disadvantages of file processing systemThere are so many disadvantages in the file processing system. These are explained below −Separated and isolated data.Duplication of data − ... Read More

Before understanding the difference between data and information, let’s have a look at the definitions of data and information with an example.DataData is the raw material that can be processed for any computing machine.For example − Employee name, Product name, Name of the student, Marks of the student, Mobile number, Image etc.InformationInformation is the data that has been converted into more useful or intelligent form.For example: Report card sheet.The information is needed for the following reasons −To gain knowledge about the surroundings.To keep the system up to date.To know about the rules and regulations of the society.KnowledgeThe human mind purposefully ... Read More

Let’s discuss flat and database definition before understanding the difference between flat files and databases.Flat filesA flat file contains records which have no structured interrelationship. They are typically called as a text file, where all word processing, structure characters and markup have been removed. A flat file represents a table with a single record per line. Generally, it is a type of database that stores data in a plain text format.DatabaseThe related information when placed in an organized form that makes a database or an organized collection of related information is called a database.For example − Dictionary, Telephone directory etc.DifferencesFollowing ... Read More

It is common to select certain data or rows from a table. The rows are returned in the order in which they appear in the table. We may sometimes require that the rows we select from the table must be returned to us in ascending or descending order with respect to some column.The “ORDER BY” statement is used to order the results with respect to some column. The following example will provide more clarity.Suppose, we have a table which consists of various fields including the “name” field. We want to select all the rows from the table but we want ... Read More

For understanding the information domain of a problem, there are two data modelling concepts, namely, cardinality and modality. Cardinality and modality are very important for analyzing the data objects, attributes, and relationship structures. The most basic difference between cardinality and modality is that the cardinality is a metric that specifies the number of occurrences of a data object with respect to the number of occurrences of another data object, whereas, the modality specifies whether a data object must participate in a relationship or not. In this article, we will discuss the important differences between cardinality and modality. Let's start with ... Read More

RAID or Redundant Array of Independent Disk is a set of disk organization techniques developed to increase the reliability and performance of a system. There are various types of RAID techniques such as RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 2, … RAID 5. Read this article to learn more about RAID 0 and RAID 1 and how they are different from each other. What is RAID 0? RAID 0 stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disk level 0. There is no redundant data stored here, so performance is very good. But the failure of any disk in the array results in loss of data. In RAID 0, ... Read More

In this post, we will understand the difference between trigger and a procedure.TriggersIt is implicitly invoked when an event such as INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE occurs in a table of a database.Nesting of triggers can be achieved using a table.A trigger can’t be called or defined inside another trigger.Transactional statements such as ‘COMMIT’, ‘ROLLBACK’, ‘SAVEPOINT’ can’t be used in triggers.They are used to maintain referential integrity.This is done by keeping a record of the activities performed on a table.No values are returned in a trigger.No value can be passed as a parameter to a trigger.Syntax to define a trigger:CREATE TRIGGER ... Read More

In this post, we will understand the difference between the ALTER command and the UPDATE command in SQL.ALTER CommandThis command is a Data Definition Language (DDL).It performs operation at the structural level, not the data level.This command is used to add, delete, and modify the attributes of the tables in a database.This command, by default, initializes the values of all values in the tuple to NULL.It changes the structure of the table.Syntax: Add a column −ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;Drop a ColumnALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;UPDATE CommandThis command is a Data Manipulation Language (DML).It performs operations on the ... Read More