Retrieval and Update Operations When we work with files, we usually do two types of operations: retrieval and update. Retrieval operations help us find specific records in the file and look at their data. Update operations change the file by adding, removing, or modifying records. Selection Conditions To do either operation, we may need to specify a condition that the records must meet. For example, we might want to retrieve all the records where the salary is greater than or equal to $30, 000. This is called a selection condition. Selection conditions can be simple or complex. A simple condition ... Read More

Online Analytical Processing Server (OLAP) is used to enable users to perform analysis on information retrieved from multiple database systems concurrently. It operates on a multidimensional data model. Users can write query data across multiple dimensions, such as location, time, and categories (e.g., Hyderabad-> 2017 -> Sales data). In OLAP, databases are organized into one or more cubes. These cubes are known as Hyper-cubes and represent a multi-dimensional array of data. Each cell within the array corresponds to specific combination of dimension values. The dimensions define the characteristics or attributes. Data can be sliced and diced for analysis by attributes. ... Read More

Offset-Fetch is feature in MS SQL Server. It helps to retrieve subset of rows from result set. It consists of two components: OFFSET and FETCH. The OFFSET clause specifies the number of rows to skip from the beginning of the result set. FETCH clause determines the number of rows to retrieve. Syntax SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table ORDER BY column OFFSET {integer_value} {ROWS | ROWS ONLY} FETCH {FIRST | NEXT} {integer_value} {ROWS | ROWS ONLY} ONLY; Explanation of Syntax SELECT column1, column2, ...: Specifies the columns to be selected from the table. FROM table Specifies the table from ... Read More

DBMS supports object-oriented data. It ensures direct correspondence between real-world objects and their representations in the database. This correspondence ensures that objects retain their integrity and identity. It enables easy identification and manipulation. Object Data Management System (ODMS) assigns unique identity to each independent object stored in the database. This unique identity is implemented through a system-generated object identifier (OID). This OID serves as distinct value assigned to each object by the system. It is not visible to external users. However it is internally utilized by the system to ensure the unique identification of each object and to establish and ... Read More

You should consider the needs of the applications during designing a database. Object databases offer a unique approach to database design that can be beneficial in certain situations. In this article, we will discuss the conceptual design of object databases. Object database design Object-Oriented Model is process of representing real-world entities as objects in computer programs. It is fundamental aspect of Object Database Conceptual Design. Object-oriented modeling is more flexible and dynamic than traditional relational model. It enables developers to model complex relationships between objects more efficiently. Object-oriented modeling allows for inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. It is easier to maintain ... Read More

In database management systems (DBMS), super keys are an essential concept used to identify unique records in a table. A super key is a set of one or more than one attribute that can uniquely identify a record in a table. In this article, we will explore the number of possible super keys in a database and their significance. What is a Super Key? A super key is a group of attributes in a table that can identify each row in that table uniquely. It's different from primary and candidate keys because only the smallest possible super keys can be ... Read More

An architecture pattern is a way of organizing data in a logical and structured manner. So, it can be stored and accessed efficiently. NoSQL databases are different from traditional relational databases. Because Tables are not used to store data in it. It uses document-oriented, key-value or graph formats. It makes them more flexible. NoSQL databases can handle a wide variety of data types and sizes. It is suitable for big data applications. It can also provide faster performance than traditional relational databases. It is therefore ideal for applications that require real-time data processing. Architecture Patterns of NoSQL There are given ... Read More

Normalization is a process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data consistency. Primary keys are really important in organizing information in a database. They help to make sure that every row in a table has a unique identification so that nothing gets mixed up or lost. In this article, we will discuss the different normal forms of database normalization. Normalization Normalization is a process of organizing the data in database to avoid data redundancy, insertion anomaly, update anomaly & deletion anomaly. Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to minimize redundancy ... Read More

Neo4j database is one of the most popular choices in graph databases. One of the reasons for this is its powerful query language, Cypher. Neo4j has developed its own query language called Cypher, which differs from SQL in that it operates on nodes rather than tables, rows, and columns. Its syntax is similar to SQL. But it is better suited for working with graph data. This is because Neo4j is a graph database that stores data in nodes and relationships. It can be visualized in a graph format rather than the traditional table format. In this article, we will discuss ... Read More

In this article, we will discuss multimedia databases, its data representation, data storage, data retrieval, data management and applications of multimedia databases. Introduction To store pictures, videos, and sounds that people use for learning, fun, health, and advertising. We need a multimedia database. A multimedia database has all kinds of information, like words, pictures, sounds, and videos. It keeps track of all this information and finds data easily. These databases enable the storage and retrieval of multimedia data components. All media files in these databases are stored as binary strings and encoded according to their file types. Let's explore the ... Read More