A computer systems create use of several storage registers that are linked to a typical operational unit is known as the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU). ALU is the central and one of the most essential units internal the CPU of the computer.All the logical and numerical operations of a computer are implemented here. The contents of a particular register are arranged in the input of ALU. ALU implements the given operation and then transfers it to the target register.The one stage of an arithmetic logic shift unit is demonstrated in the figure. The subscript i nominate a frequent stage. ... Read More

Shift micro-operations are used for the serial transfer of data and also support in conjunction with arithmetic, logic, and several data-processing operations. The contents of a register can be shifted to the left or the right.Simultaneously, that the bits are shifted, the first flip-flop holds its binary data from the serial input. In shift-left operation, the serial input transfers a bit into the rightmost position. In shift-right operation, the serial input transfers a bit into the leftmost position. The data transferred by the serial input decides the type of shift.Types of Shift Micro-operationsThere are three types of shift micro-operations are ... Read More

Logic operations are binary micro-operations implemented on the bits saved in the registers. These operations treated each bit independently and create them as binary variables.For example, the exclusive-OR micro-operation with the contents of two registers R1 and R2 is denoted by the statementP: R1←R1$\oplus$R2It determines a logic micro-operation to be implemented on the single bits of the registers supported that the control variable P = 1. Consider that each register has four bits. Let the content of R1 be 1010 and the content of R2 be 1100.The exclusive-OR micro-operation stated above represent the following logic computation −1010   Content of ... Read More

The increment micro-operation inserts one to a number in a register. For example, if a 4-bit register has a binary value 0110, it will go to 0111 after it is incremented. The increment micro-operation is performed by a 4-bit combinational circuit incrementer.This micro-operation is simply performed with a binary counter. Each time the count allowed is active, the clock pulse transition increments the content of the register by one. There can be occasions when the increment micro-operation should be completed with a combinational circuit independent of a specific register. This can be done using half-adders connected in cascade.The diagram of ... Read More

The subtraction of binary numbers can be completed effectively by creating the 2's complement of addend bits and inserting it to the augend bits. The 2's complement can be acquired by taking the 1's complement and inserting one to the least significant pair of bits.The 1's complement can be executed with inverters and one can be inserted into the sum by the input carry. The addition and subtraction operations can be consolidated into one joint circuit by containing an exclusive-OR gate with each full adder. A 4-bit adder-subtractor circuit is demonstrated in the figure.The mode input M regulates the operation. ... Read More

A Binary Adder is a digital circuit that implements the arithmetic sum of two binary numbers supported with any length is known as a binary adder. It is generated using full-adder circuits connected in sequence. The output carries from one full-adder linked to the input carry of the next full-adder.The following block diagram demonstrates the interconnections of four full-adder circuits to support a 4-bit binary adder.The augend bits of A and the addend bits of B is created by subscript numbers from right to left, with subscript 0 indicating the low-order bit. The carries are linked in a chain by ... Read More

The operations implemented on data stored in registers are known as micro-operations. A micro-operation is a basic operation implemented on the data saved in one or more registers.There are various micro-operations including addition, subtraction, increment, and decrement.Add Micro-OperationIt is described by the following statement −R3 → R1 + R2The following statement instructs the information or contents of register R1 to be inserted to data or content of register R2 and the sum must be converted to register R3.Subtract Micro-OperationExample −R3 → R1 + R2' + 1Subtract micro-operation are using minus operator we create 1's complement and add 1 to the ... Read More

The transfer of data from a memory word to the external environment is known as a read operation. The read operation in memory transfer is represented as the transfer of data from the address register (AR) with the selected word M for the memory into the memory buffer register (MBR).[AR]M MBR=Read OperationThe control signal of the read operation starts the read operation. The read operation statement generates the data transfer from the chosen memory register M into the MBR.The transfer of new data to be saved into the memory is known as the write operation. The memory transfer in the ... Read More

A bus transfer is the most effective method to send data by using a common bus system. It is constructed using common bus registers in multiple registers. The mechanism of the bus includes a collection of lines. These lines are registers of one bit each, which share only one information at a time. The data transfer is contained by the control signals.The two methods that can be used in Bus transfer are as follows −Using multiplexerUsing three states bus buffersUsing MultiplexerA common bus can be generated using a multiplexer. It facilitates in choosing the source register to place the binary ... Read More

Registers define the storage area that influences the data and instructions. It can send data and instructions from one register to another register, memory to register, and memory to memory, the register transfer approach is used. This register is used in the transmission of data and instructions between memory and processors to implement the particular tasks.The data transfer from one register to another is named in representative design using a replacement operator. The statement isR2←R1It indicates a transfer of the content of register R1 into register R2. It labelled a replacement of the content of R2 by the content of ... Read More