Set associative mapping combines direct mapping with fully associative mapping by arrangement lines of a cache into sets. The sets are persistent using a direct mapping scheme. However, the lines within each set are treated as a small fully associative cache where any block that can save in the set can be stored to any line inside the set.The diagram represents this arrangement using a sample cache that uses four lines to a set.A set-associative cache that includes k lines per set is known as a k way set-associative cache. Because the mapping approach uses the memory address only like ... Read More

Direct mapping is a procedure used to assign each memory block in the main memory to a particular line in the cache. If a line is already filled with a memory block and a new block needs to be loaded, then the old block is discarded from the cache.The figure shows how multiple blocks from the example are mapped to each line in the cache.Just like locating a word within a block, bits are taken from the main memory address to uniquely describe the line in the cache where a block can be stored.Example − Consider a cache with = ... Read More

In the associative mapping function, any block of main memory can probably consist of any cache block position. It breaks the main memory address into two parts - the word ID and a tag as shown in the figure. To check for a block stored in the memory, the tag is pulled from the memory address and a search is performed through all of the lines of the cache to see if the block is present.This method of searching for a block within a cache appears like it might be a slow process, but it is not. Each line of ... Read More

An associative memory can be treated as a memory unit whose saved information can be recognized for approach by the content of the information itself instead of by an address or memory location. Associative memory is also known as Content Addressable Memory (CAM).The block diagram of associative memory is shown in the figure. It includes a memory array and logic for m words with n bits per word. The argument register A and key register K each have n bits, one for each bit of a word.The match register M has m bits, one for each memory word. Each word ... Read More

An Auxiliary memory is referred to as the lowest-cost, highest-space, and slowest-approach storage in a computer system. It is where programs and information are preserved for long-term storage or when not in direct use. The most typical auxiliary memory devices used in computer systems are magnetic disks and tapes.Magnetic DisksA magnetic disk is a round plate generated of metal or plastic coated with magnetized material. There are both sides of the disk are used and multiple disks can be stacked on one spindle with read/write heads accessible on each surface.All disks revolve together at high speed and are not stopped ... Read More

The data or contents of the main memory that are used generally by the CPU are saved in the cache memory so that the processor can simply create that information in a shorter time. Whenever the CPU requires to create memory, it first tests the cache memory. If the data is not established in cache memory, so the CPU transfers into the main memory.Cache memory is located between the CPU and the main memory. The block diagram for a cache memory can be represented as −The concept of reducing the size of memory can be optimized by placing an even ... Read More

The main memory is the fundamental storage unit in a computer system. It is associatively large and quick memory and saves programs and information during computer operations. The technology that makes the main memory work is based on semiconductor integrated circuits.RAM is the main memory. Integrated circuit Random Access Memory (RAM) chips are applicable in two possible operating modes are as follows −Static − It consists of internal flip-flops, which store the binary information. The stored data remains solid considering power is provided to the unit. The static RAM is simple to use and has smaller read and write cycles.Dynamic ... Read More

The memory unit is an important component in any digital computer since it is required for saving programs and information. A very small computer with limited software can fulfill its intended function without the requirement for additional storage capacity.There is only not limited space in one memory unit to contain all the programs used in an ordinary computer. Further, various computer users acquire and continue to acquire huge amounts of data-processing software. It is not all acquired data that is required by the processor at an equal time. Hence, it is more cost-effective to use low-cost storage devices to distribute ... Read More

DMA represents Direct Memory Access. It is a hardware-controlled data transfer technique. An external device is used to control data transfer. The external device generates address and control signals that are required to control data transfer. External devices also allow peripheral devices to directly access memory. The external device which controls the data transfer is called the DMA controller.DMA Idle CycleWhen the system is turned on, the switches are in position A. The processor starts implementing the program until it requires to read a block of information from the disk. The disk processor transfers a sequence of commands to the ... Read More

An interrupt I/O is a process of data transfer in which an external device or a peripheral informs the CPU that it is ready for communication and requests the attention of the CPU.I/O ConfigurationThe terminals send and receive serial information. Each portion of serial data has eight bits of alphanumeric code, where the leftmost bit is continually 0. The serial data from the input register is transferred into the input register INPR. The output register OUTR can save the serial data for the printer. These two registers interact with the Accumulator (AC) in parallel and with a communication interface in ... Read More