Computer Network Articles - Page 70 of 131

Load-sensitive routing algorithms have been integrated into the Internet routing algorithms since the early days of ARPANET. The drawback of this condition leads to overreaction to changing network conditions and permanent oscillation effects finally caused the idea of load-adaptive routing to be dropped for some decades.There is a tremendous growth of interest in traffic engineering and in load-sensitive routing in general from the last year onwards.Many studies testify that with the stability mechanisms integrated these kinds of algorithms strongly outperform the traditional shortest-path IP routing.In the study of load-sensitive routing algorithms several emerging approaches to load-sensitive routing are presented and ... Read More

Dynamic routing is an adaptive routing algorithm, and it is a process where a router can forward data through a different route.The term is most associated with data networking to describe the capability of a network to 'route around' damage, such as loss of a node or a connection between nodes, so if other path choices are available. Dynamic routing allows many routes to remain valid in response to the change.Systems that do not implement dynamic routing are usually preferred to static routing, because static routes through a network are described by fixed paths. If anything, those that take an ... Read More

Static routing algorithm is a form of routing which occurs when a router uses a manual configuration routing entry rather than dynamic entry.In different cases, static routes are manually configured by a network administrator by adding entries into the routing table. It is not possible in all cases. Static routes are fixed and do not change if the network is changed or reconfigured.Static and dynamic routing is not mutually exclusive. They are usually used on a router to maximise routing efficiency and to provide backups in the event that dynamic routing information fails to be exchanged.UsesThe different uses of Static ... Read More

Data link layer protocols are divided into two categories based on whether the transmission channel is noiseless or noisy. The data link layer protocol is diagrammatically represented below − Noiseless Channels There are two noiseless channels which are as follows − Simplex channel Stop & wait channel Let us consider an ideal channel where no frames are lost, duplicated, or corrupted. We introduce two protocols for this type of channel. These two protocols are as follows − Protocol that does not use flow control. Protocol that uses the ... Read More

In transmission media is the way the systems are connected to route data signals in a network.The telecommunication links are classified into two categories −Guided media (wired)Unguided media (wireless).Both guided and unguided are used for short distance (LANs, MANs) as well as long distance (WANs) communication.Let us discuss Guided transmission media.Guided transmission mediaGuided transmission media consists of physical connection between source and destination through a wire or a cable.There are three basic types of guided media which are as follows −Twisted pair cableCo-axial cableFiber-optic cableTwisted Pair CopperStep 1 − It is the most used media across the world. All the ... Read More

Transmission impairment occurs when the received signal is different from the transmitted signal. As we know, a signal can be transmitted as Analog signal or it can be transmitted as a digital signal.In Analog signals due to transmission impairment the resulting received signal gets different amplitude or the shape. In the case of digitally transmitted signals at the receiver side we get changes in bits (0's or 1's).CausesThere are various causes of transmission impairments, which are as follows −NoiseDelay DistortionAttenuation DistortionLet us discuss noise which is one of the causes for transmission impairments.NoiseNoise is the major factor for the transmission ... Read More

Transmission impairment occurs when the received signal is different from the transmitted signal. As we know, a signal can be transmitted as Analog signal or it can be transmitted as a digital signal.In Analog signals due to transmission impairment the resulting received signal gets different amplitude or the shape. In the case of digitally transmitted signals at the receiver side we get changes in bits (0's or 1's).CausesThere are various causes of transmission impairments, which are as follows −NoiseDelay DistortionAttenuation DistortionLet us discuss Attenuation Distortion.Attenuation DistortionAttenuation is generally decreased in signal strength, by which the received signal will be difficult ... Read More

The real function of every layer in OSI is to provide services to the layer above it.Network Services TerminologyThe network services terminology is explained below −Entities − In each layer there are so many active elements. An entity can be a software entity or a hardware entity. For example, a software entity is Process and a hardware entity is Intelligent I/O chipPeer Entities − Entities in the same layer on different machines are called peer entities.Service Provider and Service User − The entities in layer N-1 implement a service used by layer N. Layer N-1 is called the Service Provider ... Read More

ISDN is also known as Integrated Services Digital Network. It is helpful in a wide range of services, for example, text (message), image, etc. It is capable of giving services and the foundation of telecommunication networks i.e. useful in the framework.It was also known as Integrated Digital Network because it is a digital technique that is used in switching as well as in transmission.Types of ChannelIt has three types of Channel.B-channelData-rate: 64 kbps.Required: for voice, information which has less data rate.D-channelData-rate: 16-64 kbps.Required: for packet switched data.H-channelData-rate − 1536 kbps or 1920 kbps data rate.Required − for video/ high-speed data ... Read More

Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a technology that multiplexes data signals from different sources so they can share a single optical fibre pair while maintaining complete separation of the data streams.DWDM can handle higher speed protocols up to 100 Gbps per channel. Each channel is only 0.8nm apart. Dense wavelength division multiplexing works on the same principle as CWDM but in addition to the increased channel capacity it can also be amplified to support much longer distances.The diagram given below represents the dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) −Working of DWDMThe working of DWDM is explained below −DWDM modulates multiple ... Read More