HDLC is a bit-oriented synchronous data link layer protocol that can provide the error-free transmission of data to specific destinations and control the speed at which information is sent. It supports both connection-oriented and connectionless services. It is a set of protocols that represents rules for sending data between network points. Data in HDLC is arranged into units known as frames and is transmitted across networks to specified destinations.HDLC frames are sent over synchronous links or asynchronous links, which do not indicate the beginning and end of frames. This is completed using a frame delimiter or flag, which includes a ... Read More

Let us understand what Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is.TDMATDMA represents Time Division Multiple Access. It is a cellular mobile technology that depends on time-division multiplexing (TDM) techniques. In TDM, each sender is provided the whole possession of the whole bandwidth of the medium for a constant duration of time. After this, the control is transferred to the next sender, and the process carries on a round-robin basis.An example of TDM is the television broadcast. In a television serial, generally, a 10 minutes serial is followed by a 5 minutes advertisement. The time in which the serial is being broadcasted; ... Read More

HDLC is a bit-oriented protocol. It was generated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It can decrease under the ISO standards ISO 3309 and ISO 4335. It is used to define a packetization standard for serial connections. It has discovered itself being used throughout the world.It has been broadly executed because it provides both half-duplex and full-duplex connection lines, point-to-point (peer-to-peer) and multi-point networks, and switched or unswitched medium.HDLC provides different modes of operation, such as a simple sliding window mode for dependable delivery. This is because the internet supports retransmission at larger levels (i.e., TCP). Some Internet applications ... Read More

BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system created particularly for Research in Motion's (RIM) BlackBerry devices. BlackBerry OS runs on Blackberry modification phones such as the BlackBerry Bold, Curve, and Pearl and Storm order.The BlackBerry OS is created for smartphone environments and is best popular for its robust provides for push Internet email. This push email service is transferred out through the dedicated BlackBerry Enterprise Server (BES), which has a variant for Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Domino, and Novell Groupwise.A BlackBerry is an end-to-end wireless email solution that enables access to your Outlook Inbox, Calendar, Contacts, and functions with complete ... Read More

3D Internet is the next generation after the stream 2d internet. 3D Internet includes interconnected services, displayed as virtual worlds.The objective of 3D Internet is to pass interactive real-time 3D graphics over the internet. It is also a provocation of a 2D webpage in real-life graphics.Applications of 3D InternetThere are various applications of 3D Internet which are as follows −EducationBy using the 3D Internet in education, people can have a better recognition of the subject. They can view the address and analysis in a 3D manner that will support them to understand more efficiently than the traditional methods.Real EstateThe 3D ... Read More

PaaS represents Platform as a Service. It is a cloud computing service that uses virtualization to provide an application development platform to developers or organizations.This platform contains computing, memory, storage, database, and several application development services. PaaS solutions can be used to create an application for internal use or provided for sale.PaaS technology provides a company virtual infrastructure, including data centers, servers, storage, and network supplies, plus a middle layer of software, which contains tools for developing apps.Types of PaaSThere are the following types of PaaS which are as follows −Private CloudThe development platform is created on infrastructure that is ... Read More

SCTP represents Stream Control Transmission Protocol. It is a new reliable, message-oriented transport layer protocol. It is generally created for Internet applications that have currently been introduced. These new applications include IUA (ISDN over IP), M2UA and M3UA (telephony signaling), H.248 (media gateway control), H.323 (IP telephony), and SIP (IP telephony), etc.SCTP connects the characteristics of UDP and TCP. It is a reliable message-oriented protocol. It can maintain the message boundaries and simultaneously detects lost information, duplicate information, and out-of-order information. It also has congestion control and flow control structure.Features of SCTPThere are various features of SCTP which are as ... Read More

The physical layer is important for sending bits from one device to the other device. The physical layer is not concerned with the bits description, but it handles with physical relation to the mechanism with connection and signals acceptance.Design Issues in Physical LayerThe design issues of physical layers are as follows −Establishing the Physical ConnectionsWhenever there is a requirement for data transmission by a device to another device, the request travels from the application layer to the data link layer. Thus the data link layer moves it to the physical layer, and the physical layer activates a physical link for ... Read More

ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. It can be used to bridge the Central Office’s local loop and the premise connection (home). It is a network in which digital switching links are used to connect digital signals.Integrated Services refers to ISDN’s ability to deliver two simultaneous connections, in any merging of data, voice, video, and fax, over an individual line. There are several devices that can be connected to the line and sent as required.An ISDN is a network expanding from telephony ISDN, which supports end-to-end digital connectivity to support a wide area of services such as voice and ... Read More

Let us understand the concept of electronic mail which is commonly known as Email.EmailEmail stands for Electronic mail. It is described as the transmission of messages on the web. Email needs multiple protocols inside the TCP/IP suite. For example, SMTP can send messages, while the POP or IMAP protocols are used to recover messages from a mail server. When they configure an email account, it should define your email address, password, and the mail servers can send and receive messages.The email was created to provide rich content with custom formatting, and the initial email standard is only adequate for providing ... Read More