In computer networking and telecommunications, when a transmission unit is sent from the source to the destination, it contains both a header and the actual data to be transmitted. This actual data is called the payload. The header contains the protocol information as well as the source and destination addresses, which are required for delivery of the payload. The payload is required by the destination client.The following diagram depicts encapsulation of payload field in a data link layer frame. The data packet from the upper layer is framed by adding a header that contains the control information for data transmission, ... Read More

Network Control Protocol (NCP) is a set of protocols forming a part of Point − to − Point Protocol (PPP). PPP is a data link layer protocol that is used to transmit multiprotocol data between two directly connected (point-to-point) computers. PPP is composed of link control protocol (LCP), authentication protocol (AP) and network control protocol (NCP). NCPs are used for negotiating the parameters and facilities for the network layer. For every higher-layer protocol supported by PPP, one NCP is there.The following diagram illustrates the layer in which NCPs operate:List of NCPsSome of the NCPs are −Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP) ... Read More

There are many web hosting companies which offer hosting your website at the cheapest prices and at discounted prices. But before we select a company, we should check for their bandwidth and the space they are providing for our website. Surprisingly it is becoming cheaper and affordable day by day. The prices are also dropping due to the competition between the companies.Here is the list of companies which provide cheap web hosting:GodaddyHostGatorHostrippleshostingerfastwebhosthioxindiahostingrajabigrockewebguruglobehost

If you get your Desktop computer assembled or custom made, here is the configuration that works best for a Graphics Designer.CPU: Preferably Intel i5 or i7 ProcessorMotherboard: get a motherboard that supports 32GB or more Ram and SATA 3.0 and 2TB-4TB HDDGPU: Prefer NVIDIA instead of a powerful graphics cardMonitors: IPS monitor with a Matte FinishOS: Best option is Mac OS which can be used on a custom built PC.

When we look for any service, we will gather the information about the product -- whether it gives value for the price, after-sales service and other customers' reviews about the product.When we take all these into consideration, the best Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) in the USA is AT & T. My sister and all my cousins are using it for a long time and they say, it is very reliable and service is also very good.

The net meeting is a popular video conferencing solution given by Microsoft. When we install the Windows 95 and Windows XP, Net Meeting was included automatically. This was replaced by Windows Meeting Space when Windows Vista version was launched. It is no longer used.It was very simple and the menu drove to start and to join the net meeting. Here are the steps to use it.To begin a Net Meeting session, go to the Start menu and select Run. There you type conf and click Ok.Click the Phone button, and enter the IP address of the machine you want to ... Read More

Go-Back-N Automatic Repeat reQuest (Go-Back-N ARQ), is a data link layer protocol that uses a sliding window method for reliable and sequential delivery of data frames. It is a case of sliding window protocol having to send window size of N and receiving window size of 1.Working PrincipleGo – Back – N ARQ uses the concept of protocol pipelining, i.e. sending multiple frames before receiving the acknowledgment for the first frame. The frames are sequentially numbered and a finite number of frames. The maximum number of frames that can be sent depends upon the size of the sending window. If ... Read More

In computer networking, pipelining is the method of sending multiple data units without waiting for an acknowledgment for the first frame sent. Pipelining ensures better utilization of network resources and also increases the speed of delivery, particularly in situations where a large number of data units make up a message to be sent.Flow Diagram of Pipelined Data TransmissionThe following flow diagram depicts data transmission in a pipelined system versus that in a non-pipelined system. Here, pipelining is incorporated in the data link layer, and four data link layer frames are sequentially transmitted.Data Link Protocols that uses PipeliningTwo data link layer ... Read More

Bandwidth delay product is a measurement of how many bits can fill up a network link. It gives the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted by the sender at a given time before waiting for acknowledgment. Thus it is the maximum amount of unacknowledged data.MeasurementBandwidth delay product is calculated as the product of the link capacity of the channel and the round – trip delay time of transmission.The link capacity of a channel is the number of bits transmitted per second. Hence, its unit is bps, i.e. bits per second.The round – trip delay time is the sum ... Read More

Go-Back-N protocol, also called Go-Back-N Automatic Repeat reQuest, is a data link layer protocol that uses a sliding window method for reliable and sequential delivery of data frames. It is a case of sliding window protocol having to send window size of N and receiving window size of 1.Working PrincipleGo – Back – N ARQ provides for sending multiple frames before receiving the acknowledgment for the first frame. The frames are sequentially numbered and a finite number of frames. The maximum number of frames that can be sent depends upon the size of the sending window. If the acknowledgment of ... Read More