Packet switching merges the benefit of the message and circuit switching. Long messages are divided into smaller units known as packets.A question appears as to how the network will manage this flow of packets as it tries to path them through the network and transfer them to the planned designation.  In a packet-switched network, data is transmitted in discrete units of potentially variable length of blocks known as packets.The maximum length of packets depends on the network. In this, longer size messages are broken into multiple packets. Each packet contains the data with a header. The header includes the control ... Read More

In message switching, the sending device joins the destination location to the communication and develops it to the network. The message is then generated by the web from one node to the other node, because it arrives at the predetermined destination.Each switching hub gets a message, stores it momentarily and afterward, sends it to the following hub, as shown in the diagram below.An example of message switching is emails, PC documents, telegrams and transaction queries and responses. A full exchange can include various messages.If a message is transmitted from station A to station B, it can take either path 1-2-3-4 ... Read More

Circuit Switching is a dedicated connection path between the sending and receiving devices. The dedicated route is a connected series of connections between the switching nodes.A traditional mobile network, where a dedicated route is established between the caller and the called party for the span of a mobile call, is termed as circuit switching.The circuit switching is depicted in the diagram given below −Transmission through circuit switching has three phases, which are as follows −Circuit EstablishmentA circuit switching network is necessary to establish an end-to-end link before any signal is transmitted. For example, if the communication is between A and ... Read More

When a client creates the web or another computer network which is external to their current position, the messages are transmitted by the transmission media web. This method of shifting the data from one computer network to another network is called data switching.Switches can be called as an advanced form of the hub. They can provide the dedicated bandwidth at each node of the network that results in traffic passing through one node without affecting another node. It combines the hardware and software. Moreover, it contains enough intelligence to turn on or off a specific port through its software controls.Switching ... Read More

An asynchronous TDM is also called as a Statistical TDM. ATDM has been designed to solve the problem of wastage of the multiplexed channels in synchronous TDM.In ATDM, if there are n input lines, then each slot can contain m frames, where m is less than n, as shown in the figure below.In ATDM, the multiplexer scans all the input lines and accepts the portions of data till the frame is filled. When the frame is filled, it is sent across the link. If the senders don't have enough data to fill the frame, it is transmitted as partially filled. ... Read More

In the Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing (STDM), the multiplexer assigns an equal time slot to every device at all times, whether or not a device has anything to send. Time slot A, for instance, is authorised to device A alone and cannot be used by any other device.Each time is assigned a time slot and it shows up. Then, a device has the time to transmit a portion of its data. If a device cannot send or does not have data to send, its time slot remains null.The time slots are consolidated into frames, and every frame includes one or ... Read More

The Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a digital procedure. Here, each sender is given the entire possession of the whole bandwidth of the channel for a fixed duration of time. After this, the control is moved to the next sender, and the process continues on a round-robin basis.An example of TDM is the television broadcast. In a television serial, generally, a 10 minutes' serial is followed by a 5 minutes' advertisement. The time in which the serial is being broadcasted, the total frequency is dedicated to the serial.VariantsThe following variants on TDM are as follows −ATDM (Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing): Multiplexing ... Read More

The Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is done only in fiber optic channels. In WDM, several light waves from multiple sources are connected by using a prism to form a composite light signal sent across the medium.At the receiver end, the hybrid light is broken down into different light waves, and these are delivered to their corresponding receiver, as shown in the figure below. The concept of WDM and Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) is the same.The application of WDM is the Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) in which various optical fiber lines are multiplexed and demultiplexed. There is a new technique known as ... Read More

Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) is an analog method which is used when the channel's bandwidth is higher than the consolidated bandwidths of the signals which are to be broadcasted.In FDM, different frequencies are combined into a single composite signal and are transmitted on the channel. At the receiver end, the reverse phase is applied to get the individual frequencies back for working. The entire bandwidth of the channel is divided into logical channels, and each sending device is given with the possession of a logical channel.There is a gap between the frequencies of adjoining channels to avoid one channel's frequency with ... Read More

Multiplexing is an approach of broadcasting signals from multiple sources over an individual transmission medium for maximum use and storing its value. The electronic device that performs this function is called a multiplexer.The diagram given below shows a multiplexer that receives three input lines and deflects them to an individual output line.The three computers joined by these links are combined and then transmitted on the single channel of high bandwidth at the sender's end. A demultiplexer divides the data stream into three sub channels and passes data to three receivers at the receiver's end.Multiplexing is achieved using a device known ... Read More