C Articles - Page 13 of 111

Linked lists use dynamic memory allocation i.e. they grow and shrink accordingly. They are defined as a collection of nodes. Here, nodes have two parts, which are data and link. The representation of data, link and linked lists is given below −Operations on linked listsThere are three types of operations on linked lists in C language, which are as follows −InsertionDeletionTraversingDeletionConsider an example given below −Delete node 2Delete node 1Delete node 3ProgramFollowing is the C program for deletion of the elements in linked lists − Live Demo#include #include struct Node{    int data;    struct Node *next; }; void ... Read More

Data structure is collection of data organized in a structured way. It is divided into two types as explained below −Linear data structure − Data is organized in a linear fashion. For example, arrays, structures, stacks, queues, linked lists.Nonlinear data structure − Data is organized in a hierarchical way. For example, Trees, graphs, sets, tables. Also Read: Data Structures and Types Queue Queue is a linear data structure, where the insertion is done at rear end and the deletion is done at the front end.The order of queue is FIFO – First In First OutOperationsInsert – Inserting an element into ... Read More

Standard deviation is used to measure deviation of data from its mean. The mathematical formula to calculate the standard deviation is as follows −$$s=\sqrt{Variance}$$whereVariance$$=\frac{1}{n}\:\:\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^n (x_{i}-m)^{2}$$and$$m=mean=\frac{1}{n}\:\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^n x_{i}$$AlgorithmRefer an algorithm given below to calculate the standard deviation for the given numbers.Step 1 − Read n items.Step 2 − Calculate sum and mean of the items.Step 3 − Calculate variance.Step 4 − Calculate standard deviation.The logic used in the program for calculating standard deviation is as follows −for (i = 1 ; i

ProblemWrite a program to print the multiplication table from 1 x 1 to 12 x 10 as given below −1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 4 6 8 ……………….20 3 6 9…………………….30 4 8 12 16……………..40 - - - 12 24……………………..120SolutionUse two do while loops in nested form to display the multiplication table.The logic used to display the multiplication table is as follows −Inner loop is controlled by the variable column and is executed 10 times, whenever each time the outer loop is executed.Outer loop is executed 12 times and controlled by variable row.do /*......OUTER LOOP BEGINS........*/{    column = 1;    do /*.......INNER LOOP BEGINS.......*/{       y = row * column;       printf("%4d", y);       column = column + 1;    }    while (column

ProblemA personal system is sold at different costs by the vendors.Let’s take the list of costs (in hundreds) quoted by some vendors −25.00, 30.50, 15.00, 28.25, 58.15, 37.00, 16.65, 42.00 68.45, 53.50SolutionCalculate the average cost and range of values.The difference between the highest and the lowest values in the series is called range Hence, Range = highest value - lowest value.Now, find the highest and the lowest values in the series.ExampleFollowing is the C program to calculate the range of values and average cost of a personal system − Live Demo#include main(){    int count;    float value, high, low, sum, ... Read More

ProblemA laptop manufacturing company has the monthly compensation policy for their salespersons as mentioned below −Minimum base salary: 3000.00Bonus for every computer sold: 200.00Commission on the total monthly sales: 5 per centSince the prices of laptops are changing, the sales price of each laptop is fixed at the beginning of every month.SolutionThe logic for finding the bonus and commission is as follows −bonus = BONUS_RATE * quantity ; commission = COMMISSION * quantity * price ;The gross salary is calculated by using the formula given below −Gross salary = basic salary + (quantity * bonus rate) + (quantity * Price) ... Read More

ProblemTo find the cosine and sine values for every 10 degrees from 0 to 150.SolutionThe logic used to find the cosine values is as follows −Declare MAX and PI value at the starting of a programwhile(angle

Pointer is a variable that stores the address of another variable.Features of PointersPointer saves the memory space.The execution time of a pointer is faster because of the direct access to a memory location.With the help of pointers, the memory is accessed efficiently i.e. memory is allocated and deallocated dynamically.Pointers are used with data structures.Pointer declaration, initialization and accessingConsider the following statement −int qty = 179;In the memory, the variable can be represented as shown below −DeclarationDeclaring a pointer can be done as shown below −Int *p;It means ‘p’ is a pointer variable which holds the address of another integer variable.InitializationThe ... Read More

File is a collection of records (or) a place on hard disk where the data is stored permanently.By using C commands, we can access the files in different ways.Operations on filesGiven below are the operations which can be performed on files in the C programming language −Naming the fileOpening the fileReading from the fileWriting into the fileClosing the fileSyntaxThe syntax for opening and naming a file respectively is given below −FILE *File pointer;For example, FILE * fptr;File pointer = fopen (“File name”, “mode”);For example, fptr = fopen (“sample.txt”, “r”);FILE *fp; fp = fopen (“sample.txt”, “w”);The syntax for reading from file ... Read More

Sorting is the process of arranging the elements either in ascending (or) descending order. This process is determined for accessing and organizing data quickly. Sorting helps in optimizing search techniques and operations that make the data more readable and accessible. This involves comparing elements that rearrange the readable and accessible determined by criteria. Types of sorting Sorting in C involves different methods that determine the data in a certain order. C language provides five sorting techniques, which are as follows − Bubble sort (or) Exchange Sort Selection sort ... Read More