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Introduction The electronic configuration is very important for knowing the distribution or representation of electrons present in an atom of an element. The electronic configuration is important for all the structural identification of elements present in our nature. Each element has a distinct number of electrons and so they all have different electronic configurations. Each group present in the periodic table shows a common outer electronic configuration. It was first proposed by the scientist Bohr in the Bohr model of atoms. Iron is a metallic element found in group 8 and period 4 with an atomic number of 26. It ... Read More
Introduction An atom's electrical configuration is determined by how its electrons are arranged in orbitals and shells. The energy required to remove an e^- from an atom is what determines whether an orbital is stable. An orbital is more stable the higher its energy level. The quantity of protons there in the nucleus determines the electronic structure of an atom. The atomic no. of an atom is based on how many protons are present in its nucleus. The no. of electrons in an atom is also based on how many protons are present in its nucleus. Standard Notation of Electron ... Read More
Introduction Additions throughout the double bond to produce saturated particles seem to be the most familiar alkene reactions. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons, which indicates they have at least 1 double bond. They show how an electrophile (electron accepting reagent) targets the carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) to produce additional products due to the existence of pi electrons (e-). These are recognised as alkene electrophilic addition reactions. These reactions may also be governed by a free radical method. Alkenes go through a no. of reactions, such as oxidation as well as ozonolysis. Define Addition Reaction There are many types of components in ... Read More
Introduction Substitution reactions take place when 1 functional group in a chemical particle is substituted by another functional group. It is also referred to as a single displacement & perhaps a single substitution reaction. These reactions are critical in inorganic chemistry. This reaction occurs in organic compounds or aromatic hydrocarbons. These reactions aid in the preservation of the aromaticity of aromatic compounds. In these reactions, the hydrogen (H) atom of a benzene ring with an electron-accepting reagent is substituted. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction These reactions take place when an electron-accepting reagent substitutes an atom attached to an aromatic ring. ... Read More
Introduction An existing functional group is replaced by an incoming new functional group in a substitution reaction, which is a type of chemical reaction. An electrophile is a molecule that lacks an electron. Hence, we can define Electrophilic substitution reactions as chemical reactions where an electron-deficient substance (electrophile) displaces a functional group in a compound. The displaced functional group in this type of reaction is generally a hydrogen atom. Electrophilic substitution reactions generally proceed via a three-step mechanism that involves the following steps − An electrophile is generated A carbocation (intermediate) is formed A proton is removed from ... Read More
Introduction The coordinate graph is also called the Coordinate grid or plane. In a coordinate grid, the two perpendicular lines are called the axes. The horizontal axis is called the $\mathrm{x\:-\:axis}$ and the vertical axis is called the $\mathrm{y\:-\:axis}$ In a grid, points are distributed on the number lines, namely, on the $\mathrm{x\:-\:axis}$ and the $\mathrm{y\:-\:axis}$ The points of contact are written in the ordered pair. By reading the latitude and longitude of the coordinate plane, the location of the points on the grid can be found. The points on the $\mathrm{x\:-\:axis}$ is called the ... Read More
Introduction Linear programming or linear optimization is a unique tool used to obtain the optimum (maximum or minimum) value of a mathematical model. It is abbreviated as LP and it is also known as mathematical optimization. In this tutorial, we will learn about linear programming, different methods to solve linear programming problems, and its various types. Linear Programming Linear programming is defined as the mathematical optimization process in which the maxima and minima of the process outcomes are evaluated within specific constraints. In other words, it is a technique to optimize the linear objective function. ... Read More
Introduction Dipotassium phosphate has an empirical or molecular formula, $\mathrm{(K_2 HPO_4)}$. Sometimes, it is also called dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate or potassium phosphate dibasic. It is not an organic or inorganic compound molar or molecular mass = 174.2g/mol. It has a white powder-like appearance and is odourless. Along with monopotassium phosphate $\mathrm{(KH_2 PO_4)}$, it is often or widely used as a fertilizer (phosphorus content), food additive (in addition to some food materials), and buffering agent. And it is also easily soluble in the water. It can be produced or generated commercially by the process of partial or slight neutralization of ... Read More
Introduction Drinking-Water Standards (DWS) are quality conditions set for drinking water that must be encountered by International Drinking Water Standards (IDWS). Every person should have the right to clean as well as safe drinking water. However, human activities, as well as certain environmental elements, have polluted this existing natural resource. A secure water system is the foundation of a healthy economy, but it is severely undervalued in many parts of the globe. Numerous health organisations have mentioned certain specifications for drinking water considering the adverse effects of this scenario on human health. What is Potable Water? It is defined as ... Read More
Introduction Whenever a patient takes several drugs at once for one or more diseases, drug interactions could arise. Drug interactions can cause unanticipated reactions, adverse side effects, or in rare cases, a lack of therapeutic efficacy when used concurrently with other medications. Drug-drug interactions are the term used to describe these unwanted effects (DDIs). Drug manufacturers must comprehend how pharmaceuticals interact with each other since the global polypharmacy problem (people taking numerous medications at once) keeps growing. To determine if a DDI might occur and whether it might be serious enough to call for a dosage modification, precaution, or contraindication, ... Read More