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Introduction Pure substances are elements that cannot be broken further like oxygen, metals and metals, non-metals, etc. In contrast, mixtures are combinations of two or more elements mixed like lemonade. We should not be getting confused with pure substances and mixtures. They are two separate entities. Pure substances are pure elements that canβt be broken further into smaller entities. They can be in any state of matter like liquid, solid, or gas. The mixtures are combinations of two or more elements or substances just understood by a simple example. Water is composed of two elements hydrogen and oxygen in a ... Read More
Introduction Vapour is described as a substance that usually exists in the gaseous phase at a temperature (t) below its critical temperature (ππ). That means the vapour can be frozen back to a liquid by or through exceeding pressure (p) on it and without decreasing the temperature. vapour pressure is the pressure at equilibrium that occurs from a liquid (l) or a solid (s) at a certain specific temperature. And the vapour pressure (p) of a liquid (l) or a solid (s) at equilibrium is not get affected or hampered by the quantity of contact with the liquid (l) or ... Read More
Introduction Electrons $\mathrm{([e^{-})]}$ are atom particles, just as atoms are matter substructures. These atoms can't be formed or destroyed. Until the discovery of electrons $\mathrm{([e^{-})]}$ atoms was thought to be the smallest unit of a particle. Some of the fundamental properties of atoms were revealed by the tests employed in the discovery of the electron $\mathrm{([e^{-})]}$ . Because the electron $\mathrm{([e^{-})]}$ was the first subatomic particle found, it is regarded as a watershed moment in physics. It turned out to be 1 of the most essential for describing the chemical bond in today's chemistry as well as physics. Thomson Cathode ... Read More
Introduction Herbicides are sometimes also called weed killers. These substances are widely used to control the undesired plants, widely known as weeds. Most herbicides are used in the form of water sprays using ground equipment. Sometimes spray drift also results in herbicide affecting the neighbouring plants, crops, or fields. Pesticides are substances that are used to control pests. These pesticides are formed to protect plants thatβs why it is also called crop protection products and are generally used to protect plants from weeds, insects, or fungi. Pesticides are chemicals or biological agents that usually kill pests, including weeds, insects, plant ... Read More
Introduction Primary bonds and secondary bonds are the two main categories into which bonds can be split. Secondary bonds, as opposed to primary bonds, are what hold molecules together mechanically. Atoms in molecules are held together chemically by primary bonds. The three basic types of bonding are metallic, covalent, and ionic. Examples of secondary bonds include hydrogen, dipole, and dispersion bonds. Primary bonds are more stable than secondary forces and have far higher bond energies. Metallic bonds are formed when various sorts of atoms share various types of electrons in a metal lattice as opposed to covalent connections, which are ... Read More
Introduction Isotropic and anisotropic are two types of macro-scale classification.Materials are substance that constitutes an object. And they may be living or non-living things. An understanding of the properties of materials is very important. All the materials that surround us are different in many aspects that may be including their hardness, transparency, appearance, properties, etc. They are very important as it is the building block of many important things. proper classification of materials is necessary to understand more about the properties of different materials. The classification is based on many aspects such as appearance, hardness, chemical properties, and macro- scale ... Read More
Introduction Nuclear reactions, as well as Chemical reactions, are 2 types of reactions that differ significantly in terms of how the components participate in these processes. Chemistry is primarily concerned with reactions involving the exchange & sharing of electrons. But even so, these reactions normally have little effect on the nuclei of elements. However, in the case of a nuclear reaction, the elements involved suffer changes in the subatomic particles in their nuclei. The major difference between nuclear versus chemical processes may thus be easily explained as the behavior of the components participating in the reactions; only orbital electrons ... Read More
Introduction Oxidation is the process in which the loss of electrons during a reaction occurs or takes place. loss of electrons can be done by either a molecule or by an atom or by any ion. In oxidation the O.S. of the molecule, atom, or ion increases. While the reduction is the process in which the gain of electrons takes place. Gain of electrons can be done by either a molecule or by an atom or by any ions. In the reduction process oxidation state of the molecule, atom, or ion decreases. Redox reaction is a type of reaction that ... Read More
Introduction Dipole moments can be developed both in ionic and covalent compounds. It measures the separation of positive and negative charges in the molecule, and hence, can be considered for the measurement of polarity in molecules. The separation of charges in any molecule results in a dipole moment. This separation of charges takes place due to the difference in electronegativity of the bonded atoms in a compound. Between two bonded atoms in a bond, if one is more electronegative than the other, then the atom with more electronegativity attracts the bonded electron cloud towards itself. As a result of which ... Read More
Introduction The electrical properties of solids are quantified by conductivity. The capacity of a substance to transport electrical energy is referred to as its electrical conductivity. A good conductor may therefore easily carry electric current without melting, boiling, or otherwise changing its chemical makeup. Solids don't all have the same electrical characteristics. Some of them conduct electricity quite well, whilst others do not at all. Solids can be categorised as insulators/conductors/semiconductors depending on a scale of conductivities from 10β20 π‘π 107 πβπβ1πβ1. What are Solids? Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter. The molecules in a ... Read More