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Introduction In mathematics, fractions are used to determine part of a whole number. The word ‘fraction’ is derived from the Latin word ‘fraction’ which means ‘to break’. In Ancient Rome, fractions were used only to describe the part to the whole. But in India fractions were represented by one number above another but without a line. Then Arabs were added a line between two numbers. This line is used to separate the numerator & denominator. Fractions can be represented in the form of decimals & percentages like 0.012 & 12 % represent the fraction $\mathrm{\frac{12}{100}}$. So let's ... Read More
Introduction In a decomposition reaction, molecules or compounds break to give two or more simpler new substances. There are various types of reactions or chemical reactions: combination type, decomposition type, displacement type, double displacement type, combustion reaction, neutralization reaction, precipitation reaction, and redox reaction. In the precipitation or double replacement reaction, an insoluble precipitate(leftover) is formed or settled down the container. This reaction occurs when two or more soluble salts react or combine to give an insoluble precipitate. The neutralization reaction is a type of reaction where acid (𝐻+), and base (𝑂𝐻−) react or combine to give salt and ... Read More
Introduction Radioactive pollution is produced from the environmental radioactive waste that already exists. The inappropriate disposal of radioactive wastes may be to blame for numerous life-threatening scenarios that exist in the environment. Its negative impacts on people, animals, as well as the environment are widespread. Large reprocessing facilities with a 5000-ton annual capacity may be found in nations like France, Russia, & the UK. India, a growing nation, is looking at safe ways to dispose of trash that may be dumped into the ground or a river. To lessen the impact that radioactive materials have on the environment, the government must take ... Read More
Introduction Element is a chemical species that contains only one type of atom, and they have characteristics, physical and chemical properties. Elements are also discovered by human beings by extracting them from the earth and by artificial synthesis. Dysprosium is also one such element with characteristic properties like other elements. Dysprosium was discovered by Paul-Émile Lecoq in 1886. The name d ysprosium is derived from the word 'dysprositos', a Greek word that means rare. Pure Dysprosium was obtained after the discovery of ion-exchange chromatography by Frank Spedding in 1950. And now the extraction of such rare earth elements is done ... Read More
Introduction Dubnium is a D-Block, Period 7, Group 5 element. Dubnium has [Rn]5𝑓146𝑑3 7𝑠2 electron configuration and has 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 2 electrons in each of its shells. Although its exact appearance is uncertain, dubnium is supposed to be metallic grey or silvery white. The element is poorly understood and has no known applications. Because dubnium is a manufactured element, it cannot be found in the natural world. What is Dubnium? Dubnium is an atomic number 105 chemical element with the symbol Db. Dubnium is a solid at room temperature and is categorised as a transition ... Read More
Introduction An oxidising agent that easily produces oxides with most elements and other compounds, oxygen is a member of the chalcogen group of the periodic table and a highly reactive nonmetal. Following hydrogen and helium in the order of abundance in the universe, oxygen is the element that is most plentiful on Earth. Currently, 20.95% of the atmosphere on Earth is made up of diatomic oxygen gas. Nearly half of the Earth's crust is composed of oxides, which are oxygen compounds. Oxygen is the chemical substance with the atomic number 8 and the letter 𝑂 in its name. ... Read More
Introduction Intermolecular Forces are the forces that serve as the foundation for all interactions between molecules. These interactions are less powerful than intramolecular forces. The intensity of the intermolecular forces (IMF) of attraction dictates the sort of interaction that will occur between 2 molecules, as well as the alterations that these interactions will cause. When considering Intermolecular forces (IMF) of attraction, the most typical reference is a water $\mathrm{(H_{2}O)}$ molecule. Intermolecular forces (IMF) govern the physical characteristics of matter. Furthermore, water ($\mathrm{(H_{2}O)}$) is 1 of the few compounds that can exist in all 3 states: solid, liquid, as well as ... Read More
Introduction Gas needs a sealed container to hold its molecules. Especially in comparison to molecules in liquids & solids, their molecular attraction is extremely weak. These molecules move continuously, randomly, and cellularly in all directions. The 4 states of matter are liquid, solid, gas, & plasma. Although liquids don't have a particular shape, they have an exact volume. Without a container, they cannot be stored. Its core cellular attraction mimics the movement of Brownian cells. Between levels, the liquid is always flowing. Gas molecules cannot be in a specific place. What are Gases? In gases, the matter is free ... Read More
Introduction Degenerate orbitals are the same subshell electron orbitals with the same energy level. These degenerate orbitals always exist if the magnetic field does not interfere with them. The degeneracy interferes with how the magnetic field is used. Learning about matter and chemical compounds through visualisation is a key component of the chemistry curriculum. Here, through comprehending the meaning of degenerate orbitals and the related concepts of the Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule, we will learn the fundamental structure of the atom. Hund's Maximum Multiplication Rule According to Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity, the phrase with the greatest number ... Read More
Concentration is a phrase that is widely used in chemistry as well as other related subjects. This is a method of measuring the amount of one material combined with another. This might relate to any form of chemical reaction; however, this is particularly used in the framework of solutions to describe the amount of solute dispersed in a solvent. The quantity of solute that dissolves in a given quantity of solution is determined by the concentration of a solution. It is indeed a macroscopic characteristic that may be represented qualitatively as well as quantitatively. To represent concentration qualitatively, a solution ... Read More