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Introduction Closed (closet) packing is defined or understood as the arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules present in the crystal lattice that is characterized by the largest (greatest) number of atoms present in the per unit volume (V) of the crystal. Close (closet) packing is expressed (distinctly) in a large number of crystal structures. Also, it is an important characteristic of most metals and some crystallized inert gases. All the particles (may be atoms, ions, or molecules) to be combined in the formation of the crystal lattice must have the same (similar or equal) spherical solid shape. There ... Read More
Introduction Conformational isomers, also called conformers, are a form or type of stereoisomerism (a type of isomerism where molecules have the same molecular formula but different 3-D orientations of atoms in space ) in which the isomers can easily be interconverted only by rotating them about their single bond or sigma bond. And these conversions can take place at room temperature. This is because the energy required to change or convert one form of conformational isomer to another is usually or generally deficient, so the conversion can easily occur at room temperature. Some examples of conformational isomers are ethane, ... Read More
Introduction Daniell cell converts a chemical form of energy into electrical energy. Lets learn more about it. How does the battery in a mobile phone charge when it is plugged into its charger or how does the cell in a TV remote control function? The study of electrochemistry includes both the use of electricity to conduct non-spontaneous chemical reactions as well as the production of electricity through chemical reactions. Cells are employed to attain the goal. Cells are components that cause chemical reactions that result in electricity or generate electricity. What are the two types of cells? ... Read More
Introduction Friedel-Crafts reaction is where an alkyl or acyl group swaps out the hydrogen atom of an aromatic molecule to create a hydrocarbon or ketone. An acid catalyst, including $$\mathrm{AlCl_3, BF_3, ZnCl_2, or\: FCl_3, is}$$ present when the aromatic molecule is alkylated or acylated. An alkyl or acyl cation, the attacking particle, is produced by the catalyst. J. Crafts and C. Friedel invented this reaction in 1877–1878 and used it to link substituents to aromatic rings. It should be noted that the hydrogen atom that was initially linked to the aromatic ring is exchanged with an electrophile during ... Read More
Introduction Alcohols are vastly used in daily life. It is not only used as an intoxicating beverage, it is also used in different industries. Alcohols are obtained by replacing a hydrogen atom by the hydroxyl functional group(-OH) and attached with saturated hydrocarbons. For example, in methanol $\mathrm{(CH_{3}OH)}$ there is one saturated carbon atom, one hydroxyl group (-OH) and three hydrogen atoms. The types of alcohols are: primary alcohol, secondary alcohol and tertiary alcohol. What are Alcohols? Alcohols are defined as an organic compound which contains at least one hydroxyl group (- OH) and bonded with a carbon chain. Generally, alcohol ... Read More
Introduction Acetanilide is a compound that can be used both in industries and medical field. It’s basic properties make it useful in both industries. It is a white coloured organic, which helps in organic synthesis. There are other Acetanilide tests too, that are used in the field of chemistry, such as The Beilstein Test and Green Method. What is Acetanilide? Figure 1 − Structure of Acetanilide Acetanilide is an important organic compound that is widely used in the field of the pharmaceutical industry. It is an odourless and white coloured compound that exists either solid or flaky form. It ... Read More
Introduction The chemical compound 2-Naphthol is also known as β-Naphthol majorly colourless. However, sometimes it shows a very light yellow coloured texture. It is a solid, used as t dye. It has an isomer of 1-Naphthol, which differs by the position of the Hydroxyl group on the nNphthalene ring. What is 2-Naphthol Aniline Dye? The 2-Naphthol aniline dye is a red coloured azo product It can be prepared only with the help of a coupling reaction. The most important use of the compound is in dye textiles. Any kind of azo compounds is part of an extended conjugation scheme that ... Read More
Introduction Preparation of Alkyl Halides generally has been done using alkenes and halogens. This form of a chemical compound is also known as haloalkanes as they are going to have elements like Bromine and Iodine mixed with them. The first part represents the name of this alkyl group that is combined with the name of the halogen. Chemical Composition The chemical composition of Alkyl Halides involves a decent amount of attributes that include a few important aspects. The derivatives that are extracted from the monohalogens of alkenes are called Alkyl Halides. The formation of this particular atom comes on the ... Read More
Introduction Carbon Disulfide (CS2) is predominantly manufactured in factories because this gas is not found within nature in an abundant quantity to produce several products that include rubber, rayon, and many others. However, it is essential to know whether this element is highly toxic and flammable in nature; therefore, precautionary measures are taken in factories while working. What is Carbon Disulfide? Carbon Disulfide is referred to as a compound of organosulphur that is a colourless liquid. However, this element in organic chemistry is also known as methanedithione. This is a solvent for bromine, phosphorous, iodine, resins and many others. ... Read More
Introduction Prediction direction reaction is a process of predicting the probability of choosing a direction for the chemical reaction is done for a very important reason. The place where this chemical reaction is going determines the effective qualities of the material that comes out as the final result of the reaction. The experts are able to predict the result by conducting a series of mathematical reactions. Chemical reaction The process of a chemical reaction is known as a method that is going to produces some kind of reactant. This is the process where volatile and non-volatile elements are mixed together. ... Read More