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Introduction Jöns Jacob Berzelius proposed the word "electronegativity" in 1811. The propensity of an atom of a particular chemical element to draw the shared pair of electrons when a chemical connection is formed is called electronegativity. The symbol for it is X. The bond energy, the direction and strength of a bond's chemical polarity, and other bond properties can all be quantitatively estimated using electronegativity. It is unusual for the more electronegative atom to fully dominate the bond pair of electrons in covalent bonds where there is a significant difference in the electronegativities of the bound atoms, leading to ... Read More
Introduction Ferrous sulphate or Iron (II) sulphate is the salt of the metal Iron and has a chemical formula FeSO4. Its main use is for the treatment of patients suffering from anaemia, Iron deficiency. The reactions of iron with sulphuric acid result in the formation of some salt. Further studies identified the two salts that had been formed by the reaction. The salt formed is ferrous sulphate and ferric sulphate. The appearance of ferrous sulphate is in a way that it has a greenish appearance, so it is named green vitriol. Both these salts have several industrial applications. Even though ... Read More
Introduction In terms of the development of chemistry, germanium was discovered very recently. Natural germanium derivatives tend to be water-insoluble, like aluminium and silicon, and so have low oral toxicity. Some copper ores and sphalerite zinc ores are used as the primary sources of germanium for extraction. Transistors and other electronic devices employ the semiconductor element germanium. In the past, germanium was the only material used for the first ten years of semiconductor electronics. What is Germanium? Germanium is an element in the periodic table that is listed in the periodic table's 4th period and 14th group. Germanium has ... Read More
Introduction We are burning fossil fuels and livestock and cutting forests that increase the global temperature and cause climate change. These activities release greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, etc. which are the main causes of the greenhouse effect. The sun radiates the earth by visible light, ultraviolet, and infrared, these lights are arrested around 70 % by the ocean and earth's surface, and the remaining gets back to space. Due to greenhouse gases, these radiations get trapped in the earth's atmosphere and cause an elevation in the earth's temperature. What is the Greenhouse Effect? In around ... Read More
Introduction Organometallic reagent called the Grignard reagent was created by French Scientist Victor Grignard. The symbol for it is RMgX. R stands for the alkyl group-containing molecule of carbon, which makes it an organic component, while Mg stands for magnesium which is metal. In the illustration, the X is a halide. It is alkyl magnesium halide as a result. While the link between Mg & X is ionic, the organometallic link is covalent. Ethyl magnesium Bromide & Phenylmagnesium Bromide are two instances of Grignard reagents. Extremely reactive is the Grignard reagent. This happens when magnesium's electron pair is transferred to ... Read More
Introduction Heat capacity or thermal capacity is described as the quantity of heat essential to alter the temperature of an item by 1 unit. Heat capacity is an intrinsic attribute of material & may alternatively be described as the ratio of the quantity of heat absorbed by a system to the shift in temperature. Define Heat Capacity When heat is absorbed by an object, the temperature rises; when heat is released, the temperature falls. The total kinetic energy of the components that comprise a body is measured by its temperature. When heat is absorbed by a body, it is transformed ... Read More
Introduction August Wilhelm von Hoffmann discovered the Hoffmann bromamide reaction mechanism. It is also known as Hoffmann bromamide degradation or Rearrangement as the amine formed is one carbon less than the reagent used in the reaction. This reaction is used to form the primary amine and aromatic amines from amide. The reaction is performed in presence of bromine and strong base sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. This reaction gives the highest yield of the amine and aromatic amines but to get the best yield of an aliphatic amine, the amide should be of less than eight carbon atoms. The product ... Read More
Introduction Carboxylic Acids are also termed hydrocarbon oxidation products. Carboxylic acids are hydrocarbon derivatives that are formed by the replacement of 1 or more hydrogen atoms by carboxylic radicals. Organic compounds with carboxyl groups are known as carboxylic acids. They are a crucial functional group in chemistry. They are named from the carbonyl (C=O) as well as hydroxyl (-OH) groups that they are composed of. They have distinct characteristics from the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. They are divided into monocarboxylic acid, dicarboxylic acid, and tricarboxylic acid depending on the no. of carboxyl groups. Structure of Carboxylic Acids ... Read More
Introduction Hunsdiecker Reaction is an organic named reaction proposed by the scientist Alexander Borodin in the year 1861. It is named Borodin reaction, Hunsdiecker degradation, and Hunsdiecker–Borodin reaction because of his contribution. Alexander Borodin synthesized methyl bromide by the reaction of silver acetate. But this is further demonstrated by Cläre Hunsdiecker and her husband Heinz Hunsdiecker for developing a new general method for the preparation of alkyl halides. And named Hunsdiecker reaction because of their contribution. There are many reviews and publications of this reaction as it involves the production of alkyl halides. The reaction includes the halogenation ... Read More
Introduction Hydrazine (N2 H4) is a potent reducing agent & one of a class of chemicals known as hydronitrogens. It's utilized to create pesticides, as a basis for blowing agents that produce holes in foam rubber, & as corrosion protection in boilers. Hydrazine is a colourless fluid with a strong ammonia odour. In 1887, hydrazine was extracted from organic molecules for the first time. The Raschig technique, which includes oxidizing NH3 with sodium hypochlorite in the vicinity of glue or gelatin, is the most frequent technique of manufacture. LHcheM, Sample of hydrazine hydrate, CC BY-SA 3.0 What is Hydrazine? ... Read More