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Introduction Categorical data is data divided into categories. Statistical information made up of categorical variables—data that have been divided into categories—is known as categorical data. A set of grouped data is one example. More specifically, countable qualitative data or quantitative data clustered within predetermined intervals could be used to create category data. The information is condensed into a probability table. However, when we examine data analysis, it is referred to use the phrase “categorical data”, which is used for data sets. It should be noted that although the data set includes some categorical variables, it may also include non-categorical ... Read More
Introduction Equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all three sides have the same length . Triangle traces can be found all over the world, especially in architecture. They were well-liked by the ancient Egyptians. Triangles are divided into three types based on the length of their sides. The triangles are isosceles, scalene, and equilateral. An Equilateral triangle is a triangle with three equal sides and angles. As each angle of an equilateral triangle is 60 degrees, it is also referred to as an equiangular triangle. The opposite side of an equilateral triangle is divided into equal lengths by a ... Read More
Introduction Even numbers are numbers in the form of n = 2k, which means the number which can be divided by 2. Mathematics is a branch of science that arose due to the needs of man for calculation in business, knowing the relationship between numbers, measuring the land, in predicting cosmic events. Mathematics is used as an important tool in many fields of the world such as natural sciences, engineering, medicine, finance, and social sciences. Applied mathematics deals with the use of mathematics in other fields to stimulate and apply new scientific discoveries. Mathematics is not only numbers and their ... Read More
Introduction Mathematical induction involves principles which are a specific technique to prove theorems and statements in algebra which are expressed in the form of n; where n belongs to natural numbers. In mathematical induction any statement is proved for n=1 and then for any variable. What is PMI? Mathematical Induction can be described as a tool to prove any statement A(n) which can hold for natural numbers n=1, 2, 3, 4, 5......n. Mathematical Induction is based on some principles called the principle of mathematical induction (PMI). In order to prove a result for a statement A(n), we can use the ... Read More
Introduction Probability is simply a useful description (in the form of a mathematical model) for experiments whose exact outcome is difficult to predict in advance. When you toss a coin, it's tough to know in advance if a head or a tail will appear. When you can't predict the exact outcome, it's often useful to try to characterize every outcome that could occur along with a numerical description as to which are the most likely to occur. The numerical description you choose can be based on your experience, knowledge of physics, ... Read More
Introduction Rectangular Pyramid is a three-dimensional solid figure with a rectangular base and four triangular flat surfaces. There are many types of pyramids, such as the square pyramid, triangular pyramid, pentagonal pyramid, and hexagonal pyramid concerning the shapes of the base and the number of triangle surfaces. The surfaces of the pyramid are plane figures with straight lines, which can also be called polygons. If a solid figure is made up of polygons then it is called a polyhedron. Rectangular pyramids, or pyramids in general, are Polyhedrons. One of the common types of the pyramid is the rectangular pyramid. The ... Read More
Introduction Chromatography is a laboratory technique, especially in the analytical field used to separate a mixture of components present in a chemical species. There are different types of chromatographic techniques For the separation of mixtures into their units in the laboratory, the chromatographic technique is used. So, the method which involves the separation of a specific mixture into its respective elements is given the name chromatography. It is done by using a mobile phase and stationary phase. The mobile phase carries away distinct components through the stationary phase present in a mixture because the effect of the solvent is different ... Read More
Introduction The most common sort of solid material found in nature is crystalline solids. They are composed of atoms, ions, & molecules arranged in exact & repeating 3-D patterns, resulting in a crystal lattice that spans in all directions in a well microscopic structure. Unlike amorphous materials, crystalline solids have discrete melting temperatures. Network atomic, metallic, ionic, & molecular solids, as well as real solids, are all crystalline solids. Crystals have generally sharp, well-defined melting temperatures, owing to the uniformity of the crystalline lattice, which creates identical local conditions. As an outcome, the solid's intermolecular interactions are consistent, & each ... Read More
Introduction Erik Christian Clemmensen, a Danish chemist, published in 1913 that simple ketones, as well as aldehydes, interacted using amalgamated zinc in the existence of 40 percent aqueous HCl and a hydrophobic solvent including toluene can generate the respective alkanes after many hours of transit. Until then, the Clemmensen reduction is often used to refer to the process of reducing carbonyl groups to such equivalent methylene groups. This is a method for deoxygenating aldehydes and ketones to yield the equivalent hydrocarbon. The substrate would have to be acid resistant. The Clemmensen Reduction connects the Wolff-Kishner Reduction, which would be ... Read More
Introduction Colloids are type particles that contain particles with a size more than atoms and molecules but are small enough to be visible by the naked eye. The studies regarding colloids began in the 19th century itself. In the 1820s Robert Brown discovered the random motion of colloidal particles present in a liquid with the help of a microscope. Which is then called Brownian motion. And it developed because of the bombardment of colloidal particles. Smoke, clouds, etc. are colloids. They are dispersions of solid particles with a size of 1 nm to 0.1micrometre range. And these particles have characteristic ... Read More