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AIS and GIS are the two most widely used switchgear technology in the field of electrical substations. AIS stands for Air Insulated Switchgear and GIS stands for Gas Insulated Switchgear. A substation in which the insulation between phases is provided by the atmospheric air is called an air insulated substation or AIS substation. On the other hand, a substation in which the insulation within phase and between phases is provided by SF6 gas is known as a gas insulated substation or GIS substation. The primary difference between AIS substation and GIS substation is that an AIS substation uses the atmospheric ... Read More
Introduction Linux is an open-source operating system that has gained immense popularity for its stability and security. It is widely used in various fields such as web servers, embedded systems, and supercomputers. One of the key aspects of Linux is its efficient usage of sockets for interprocess communication. Sockets provide a flexible way to establish communication channels between different processes running on the same or different machines connected over a network. What are Sockets? Sockets are a fundamental concept in Linux networking, allowing communication between processes on different computers over a network. In simple terms, a socket is an endpoint ... Read More
Oil circuit breakers (OCBs) are used for performing the following two important functions - Switching of electric supply Protection of electrical system They are called oil circuit breakers because in this type of circuit breakers, insulating/dielectric oil is used for quenching the arc. In this article, we will learn about the basics of oil circuit breakers and their different types. What is an Oil Circuit Breaker? An oil circuit breaker is an electrical switch in which an insulating or dielectric oil is used for arc quenching. As we know, when a fault occurs in the electrical system, we ... Read More
ProblemCreate a B-Tree of order 4 for the following set of key values −1, 12, 8, 2, 25, 6, 14, 28, 17, 7, 52, 16, 48, 68, 3SolutionLet us start constructing B-Tree step by step −Step 1 − As the given order is 4, the first four items go into root and are arranged in sorted order (ascending). Step 2 − Now, we need to insert the fifth element, if we insert the fifth item in root it violates the condition, because the order is 4. Step 3 − So, when 25 arrives pick ... Read More
In secondary Index (Unique value) is created for each record in a data file which is a candidate key. Secondary index is a type of dense index and also called a non clustering index.Secondary mapping size will be small as the two levels DB indexing is used.While creating the index, generally the index table is kept in the primary memory and the main table is kept in secondary memory because of its size.A table may contain thousands of records for this reason the sparse index becomes so large which cannot be handled in primary memory.Also, if we cannot keep the ... Read More
Relational database design (RDD) models’ information and data into a set of tables with rows and columns. Each row of a relation/table represents a record, and each column represents an attribute of data. The Structured Query Language (SQL) is used to manipulate relational databases. The design of a relational database is composed of four stages, where the data are modeled into a set of related tables. The stages are −Define relations/attributesDefine primary keysDefine relationshipsNormalizationRelational databases differ from other databases in their approach to organizing data and performing transactions. In an RDD, the data are organized into tables and all types ... Read More
In electrical engineering, a relay is an electromagnetic or an electronic switch that can automatically operate if any abnormal conditions occur in the circuit. The primary functions of a relay are to monitor the circuit, sense the fault, and initiate the tripping of the circuit if a fault occurs in the system. Read this article to learn the operation of a relay. Let's start with some frequently used terms related to the operation of a relay. Relay Operation Terminology The following are some key terms related to the operation of a relay in power system. Operating Force or Torque - ... Read More
An MCB or Miniature Circuit Breaker is a type of circuit breaker or an automatic electric switch used to provide protection against different types of electric faults like short-circuit, overcurrent, overload, etc. Therefore, MCB is considered an electrical protection device. MCBs are primarily used in low-voltage electrical circuits like house wiring, commercial wiring, etc. They are not commonly used in high-voltage industrial applications. The main function of an MCB is to protect an electric circuit from damages due to flow of excessive current. This article is meant for explaining the following major concepts related to MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) ... Read More
A power system is an interconnected network of electrical components such as alternators, transformers, transmission and distribution lines, and electrical loads. Each of these components are sensitive to different types of faults or abnormal conditions. For example, a transformer can burn due to overloading or short-circuit. Therefore, it is desirable to implement such systems that can protect these highly expensive electrical equipment from damage. This practice of implementing protection systems for power system or its components is referred to as power system protection. In this article, we will explain in detail the components, important terms, and the importance of power ... Read More
A protective relay is an electrical switch which can automatically operate when a fault or any other abnormal conditions occur in the electrical system. It sends a signal to turn on the alarm or indicator or trip a circuit breaker to separate the faulty part from the healthy section. The primary function of a protective relay in an electrical circuit or system is to sense the fault and initiate the operation of a circuit breaker to which it is connected. A protective relay is one of the most important components of an electrical protection system, as it is entirely ... Read More