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Introduction The Mughal empire began in 1526 with Babur as the first Mughal ruler. After Babur, the next Mughal emperors were Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangazeb. During this time period, the Mughal empire flourished at its peak. It was only after the death of Aurangzeb, that the empire started declining. By the eighteenth century, the Mughal Empire was bifurcated into independent regional states. It can be broadly categorised into three segments − The old Mughal provinces The regional autonomous states, Watan Jagirs like the Rajputs Other states like the Sikhs, Marathas, Jats, etc. This tutorial is ... Read More
Introduction The Harappan towns are a series of settlements that were found in the Gujarat region of western India. The towns date back to around 3, 000 BCE and were occupied for an unknown period of time. The Harappan culture is a major archaeological discovery that is still being studied today. Harappan Towns: A Chronological Overview The discovery of Harappan towns in Gujarat has thrown up new insights into the civilization that flourished in the Indus Valley some 3, 000 years ago. The first Harappan settlements were unearthed in the early 1920s by a British archaeologist, R.D. Banerji, while he ... Read More
Introduction From the latter half of the 16th century, the Mughal expansion started its course with Babar, and by the 18th century, the political legacy of the Mughals spread to nearly all the subcontinent. During the reign of Aurangzeb, till his death in 1707, the Mughal empire flourished to its peak. The term ‘Later Mughals’ refers to the time period between 1707 to 1857. During this period, around 14 rulers sat on the throne of the Mughal Empire. Unlike the early Mughal rulers, the later Mughals could not hold the territory for long. Many external and internal factors contributed to ... Read More
Introduction Agriculture is an ancient practice that has greatly impacted the world today. It is responsible for the food we eat, the clothes we wear, and the landscapes we see. Agriculture began around 8, 000 years ago and India is one of the earliest places it is thought to have started. Climate of India Years Ago The climate of India years ago was much different than it is today. The climate was wetter and cooler, which made it ideal for growing crops. Agriculture began in India years ago. The first crops that were grown were wheat and barley. ... Read More
Introduction The first cities on the Indus River were built over 4700 years ago. These ancient cities were located in what is now Pakistan and western India. The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the largest and most advanced civilizations of its time. The Indus Valley Civilization The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the first cities to develop in the Indus River Valley. The city was located in present-day Pakistan and dates back to around 3, 000 BCE. The city was home to a large number of people and had a complex social structure. The city was also well-fortified, ... Read More
Introduction The Neolithic age is the third and final part of the Stone Age. It also marks the beginning of a New Stone Age. This stage started in different time frames in different regions. In the world, the Neolithic Age began around 9000 BC. In India, the New Stone Age can be dated back to 7000 BC to 1000 BC. It is during this era, the domestication of animals and agriculture began. One of the characteristics of Neolithic age that differentiate it from the Paleolithic Age and Mesolithic Age is the use of polished stones as tools and weapons. Origination ... Read More
Introduction What if I told you that it's possible to travel back in time? Well, this tutorial is about an expedition of a lifetime into the deep south of Pakistan. Travel with us and learn what made Harappa so magnificent. The story of Harappa is one that is shrouded in mystery and intrigue. This ancient city was once a thriving metropolis, home to an advanced civilization. But then, suddenly and without warning, the city was abandoned. What could have caused such a mass exodus? We may never know for sure, but there are some theories… Harappa - An Ancient City ... Read More
Introduction There were several great empires in Southern India, the Cheran, the Cholas, and the Pandyas. One amongst them was the Pallavas, who had a considerable role to play in the history and evolution of Politics, Society, and Culture in the Indian Subcontinent. Origin of the Pallavas There are various perspectives with regards to the origin of the Pallava Empire in India. Historians like B.L. Rice and his contemporaries identified that the Pallavas was similar to the Pahlavas or Parthians. However, there appears to be no evidence to suggest a Parthian migration into the Southern parts of India. Other historians ... Read More
Introduction Have you ever thought about how nationalism came to being or what was the reason behind such an approach? The 18th century was a place of atrocities that compelled the citizens to stage a reaction and this reaction was named as nationalism. As conservatism started to expand within Europe, liberalism and nationalism took on their role as revolutionaries. Liberal-nationalist were the citizens who belonged to the educated middle-class and the elite were professors, school teachers, clerks, and commercial middle-class members labeled as revolutionaries. Their first sign of progress came when the Bourbon king who was re-established to power during ... Read More
Introduction France started its Indo-China ambitions by 1860 but what exactly does Indo-China mean? Indo-China is situated in South Asia and comprises Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The colonization began as a reaction to the Vietnamese execution of Catholic missionaries and the French conquered Tourane, a Vietnamese port in 1860 for commercial advantage, it took over the city of Saigon (Hochi Minh city) and by 1867 the French expanded its territories and named it Cochinchine. By 1863, with an intention to protect the western frontiers of Cochinchina, French imposed Cambodia as its protectorate with the King Norodom agreeing to such ... Read More