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Introduction: What are Shares? Shares are the units of distribution into which the total capital of a company is divided. For example, if the total capital of a company is Rs 10 lakh and this capital is divided into 10, 000 units of Rs 100 each, then each unit of Rs 100 will be considered a share of the company. The owners of shares are known as shareholders. Therefore, the shareholders pay for the capital and hence they enjoy ownership of the company. Owners of shares of a company are called shareholders of the company. The Articles of Association of ... Read More
What are Normal Goods? Normal goods are those goods that have a positive elasticity relation with demand and wages. When the wage of a consumer increases, he/she buys more normal goods, and when the wages go down, they buy fewer normal goods. So, normal goods refer to the positive level of demand when wages go up and down of the consumer. Normal goods have a positive elastic relationship with demand and income. This means that the movement in demand and income is in the same direction. When income increases, consumers tend to buy more normal goods as their budget ... Read More
Introduction A piece of common knowledge for laymen is that banks deposit and lend money are loans. But, people hardly know that banks create money when they extend a loan. Banks usually deposit a portion of the deposited money and offer a major portion of its reserve as loans. When such a process is followed, the bank necessarily creates an account in the name of the loan bearer. When such an account is created and money is deposited in that account, fresh capital is created by the banks. To understand the process of such money creation, let’s look at the ... Read More
Introduction Partnerships or partnership firms are businesses where there is more than one owner of the business. Usually, when two or more individuals join hands to create a new firm, it is known as a partnership. Partnerships have their unique nature and characteristics. Here is all about the nature of partnership businesses. Nature of Partnerships In business partnerships, two or more people agree to share the profits or losses by jointly owning the business. The partnership business is actually a business relationship between two more persons. According to the partnership act of 1932, a ‘partnership is the ‘relation between ... Read More
What is Net Domestic Product? The Net Domestic Product (NDP) is a key indicator of the economic growth of a country. Net Domestic Product (NDP) refers to the net monetary value of all commodities and services produced within the national borders of a country in a given period of time. In other words, NDP is the measure of net economic output in a year for a country. It is calculated by subtracting depreciation from the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The depreciation in the calculation of NDP refers to the depreciation of capital assets, such as machinery, housing, and vehicles. The ... Read More
Introduction The net exports formula is a key indicator of the economic health of a nation. As it includes both the total exports and total imports of a nation, it shows whether the output is healthy or not. It provides a broader idea of the volume of exports in comparison to the volume of imports of a nation. Therefore, knowing the net exports formula can be helpful in deciding whether a certain industry needs support or not. Net export is an important indicator of a country’s financial health. It may provide clues to business industries in deciding whether to ... Read More
Private defence, (also called as self-defence), is a legal provision described in the Indian Penal Code of 1860. The provision empowers every individual to protect themselves, their property, and others from unlawful attack. However, recently the Parliament has legislated the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 to replace existing Indian Penal Code, 1860. Though Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) retains the most of the provisions of IPC, but at the same time, has also amended many of the provisions. So, in this article, primarily, will understand the meaning, scope, and limitations, of “private defence” under BNS and then analyses the changes ... Read More
Arrest of any person, in a normal circumstance, by anyone is not allowed and if someone arrests any person without any substantial reason, it is a penal offence. Even a police officer, or any other government official having authority to arrest, cannot arrest arbitrarily. It means, there is some rule to arrest someone. A police officer can arrest a person, if he has the magistrate order to do so. And, in a condition, when a police officer arrests someone without warrant then there must be substantial reason to do so, such as the arrested person must be an accused of ... Read More
“Punishments” under Indian Penal code defined in Chapter III; on the other hand, in Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, it is defined under Chapter II. This chapter titled as “Of Punishment, ” primarily, categorized punishment and then defined it. Furthermore, throughout the document, crimes are classified and respective punishments are defined. Punishment in respect to any crime is defined exclusively based on the type and degree of crime. So, in this article, first will understand the meaning and types of punishment, as defined under the code, and then analyze the difference between the ‘punishment’ defined under IPC and newly legislated law ... Read More
Definitions under Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita defined in section 2 of Chapter I (Preliminary). Chapter I is “Preliminary, ” which is introductory sections that provide key definitions and explanations of important terms used throughout the legal document i.e. Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita. Further, this preliminary chapter serves to clarify the meanings of specific terms and concepts, which ensure a common understanding of the language used in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS). Likewise, ‘definitions’ under Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita play a crucial role in legal interpretation by helping individuals, legal professionals, and the judiciary to apply the provisions accurately. Similar to ... Read More