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Trigraphs in C++
The ISO-646 character set does not have all the characters of the C syntax, therefore there are some systems with keyboards and displays that cannot deal with some characters. These characters can be constructed using a sequence of 3 characters called trigraphs. In C, before any other processing takes place, each occurrence of one of the following sequences of three characters (“trigraph sequences”) is replaced by the single character.
| trigraph | replacement | trigraph | replacement | trigraph | replacement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ??= | # | ??( | [ | ??< | { |
| ??/ | \ | ??) | ] | ??> | } |
| ??’ | ˆ | ??! | | | ??- | ˜ |
They are there mostly for historical reasons. Nowadays, most modern keyboards for most languages allow access to all those characters, but this used to be a problem once with some European keyboards. This is why trigraphs were invented.
Updated on: 30-Jul-2019
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